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. 2022 Feb 1;9:809668. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.809668

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang, Ma, Yang, Fan, Tian, Niu, Yan, Zheng and Zhang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cell fusion in placenta formation. The formation of the placenta is accompanied by cell fusion and is divided into two stages according to the different roles in the fusion process. In the first phase, cytotrophoblast cells fuse to form polynuclear syncytiotrophoblast cells. In the second phase, cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts fuse for tissue renewal. (A) Cytotrophoblast cells fuse to form polynuclear syncytiotrophoblast cells. (B) cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts fuse for tissue renewal.