Drug safety assessments. (A) Representative photographs of incision healing in rats in each treatment group. (B) Representative pathological H&E staining of the kidney (×100) in each treatment group. (C) Representative pathological H&E staining of the liver (×200) in each treatment group. (D) Incision healing scores of each treatment group on postoperative day 14. (E) Serum Cr on postoperative day 14 in each treatment group. (F) Serum ALT on postoperative day 14 in each treatment group. (G) Serum AST on postoperative day 14 in each treatment group. Control, no antibiotics; SV, system vancomycin (88 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, 30 min preoperation); VP0.5, vancomycin powder, 44 mg/kg, once intra-articularly before closure of the knee capsule in TKA; VP1.0, intra-articular vancomycin powder, 88 mg/kg; VP2.0, intra-articular vancomycin powder, 176 mg/kg. Data were compared by two-way ANOVA. n = 12.