. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 15.

Published in final edited form as: J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2021 Apr 28;43(4):766–777. doi: 10.1007/s10862-021-09888-x

Table 1.

How Demographics and Processes Relate to Parent Expectations: Hopelessness and Optimism

				Correlating With

Systems	M / %	SD	Range	Hopelessness	Optimism
Child Characteristics
% female (1 =girl; 0=boy)	44%			−.07	.03
Age (years)	4.61	1.27	2.92–7.83	.03	.08
Parent Characteristics
Age (years)	31.91	6.02	20–48	−.08	.15
% female	93.8%			−.08	.04
% Underrepresented	34%			.02	.15
Race:
Black or African American	20%
White	69.8%
American Indian or Alaskan Native	1%
More than one race	8.3%
Ethnicity:
Not Hispanic/Latino	93.8%
Hispanic/Latino	6.3%
Education:
High school or less	8%			.03	−.14
Some college or vocational training	28%			−.13	.01
College	47%			.08	.03
Advanced degree	17%			.03	.06
Parenting
Positive
Observed attends & rewards per min.	1.06	.86	0–4.14	.18^†	−.09
Parent report¹	49.72	5.70	36–60	−.11	−.03
Negative
Observed questions & instructions per min.	3.97	1.95	.79–10.22	.02	−.06
Parent report¹	17.38	3.89	9–27	.05	−.04
Child Behavior
Number of problems²	22.94	6.19	4–36	.04	.11
Intensity of problems²	153.14	28.80	103–232	.06	.08
Daily Stressors			21–63	.52^*	−.31^**
Hardship				.46^**	−.23^*
Responsibilities/Relationships				.52^**	−.28^**

Note:

p < .001;

^**

p = .002;

^†

p = .08;

= Alabama Parenting Scale (Shelton et al., 1996);

= Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (Eyberg & Pincus, 1999);