Table 2. Characteristics of the interventions and outcomes.
| Author | Duration | Intervention group | Control group | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alberga et al. [17] | 6 months | Resistance exercise: 8–12 RM for 1–2 sets, 3 times per week | Usual care | (1)↑ (3) ↓ |
| Cormie et al. [24] | 3 months | Aerobic exercise (70–85% HRmax for 20–30 min) and resistance exercise (6–12 RM for 1–4 sets), twice per week for 60 min | Usual care | (1) (2)↓ (3)↓ (4)(5)(6) |
| Galvão et al. [18] | 12 weeks | Aerobic exercise (65–80% HRmax for 15–20 min) and resistance exercise (6–12 RM for 2–4 sets), twice per week | Usual care | (1)↑ (2)(3) |
| Kim et al. [35] | 6 months | Resistance exercise (8–15 RM for 2–3 sets), 2–3 times per week, plus weight-bearing exercise (11–15 RPE for 20–30 min), at least 150 min per week | Whole body stretching 3–5 times per week for 20 min | (5)(6)(7) |
| Lam et al. [36] | 12 months | Resistance exercise: 8–12 RM for 3 sets, 3 times per week | Usual care | (1)(2) ↓ (3) ↓(5)(7) |
| Ndjavera et al. [37] | 12 weeks | Aerobic exercise (55–85% HRmax, 6×5 min) and resistance exercise (10 RM for 2–4 sets), twice per week for 60 min, plus self-directed structured exercise or PA, 3 times per week for 30 min | Usual care | (1)(2) |
| Newton et al. [21] | 6 months | Resistance exercise (6–12 RM for 2–4 sets) and impact loading exercise (ground reaction forces 3–5× BW), twice per week for 60 min | Usual care and printed material | (1)(2)(4)(5)↑ (6)(7)↑ |
| Nilsen et al. [38] | 16 weeks | Resistance exercise (6–10 RM for 1–3 sets), 3 times per week | Usual care | (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7) |
| Taaffe et al. [22] | 6 months | Aerobic exercise (70–85% HRmax for 20–30 min) and resistance exercise (6–12 RM for 2–4 sets), twice per week for 60 min | Usual care and a booklet with PA recommendation | (1)(2) |
| Taaffe et al. [23] | 6 months | Aerobic exercise (60–85% HRmax for 20–45 min), resistance exercise (6–12 RM for 2–4 sets), and impact exercise (ground reaction forces 3.4–5.2×BW), 3 times per week for 60 min | Usual care | (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6) |
| Villumsen et al. [39] | 12 weeks | Aerobic and resistance exercise, 3 times per week for 60 min | Usual care | (3) |
| Winters-Stone et al. [25,40] | 12 months | Resistance exercise (8–12 RM for 1–3 sets) and impact exercise (0–15% BW), 3 times per week for 60 min | Stretch and relaxation exercise | (2)↓ (3)↓ (5)(6)(7) |
RM: Repetition maximum, to evaluate the load intensity of resistance exercise; 1RM is defined as the maximum load; 6RM is defined as the load that repeated six times to reach the maximum load; 6RM≈R5% of 1RM; 8RM≈80% of 1RM; 12RM≈67% of 1RM.
HRmax: Maximum heart rate; RPE: Rate of perceived exertion; BW: Body weight.
↑increase
↓decrease.
(1): Lean body mass, (2): Body fat mass, (3): Body fat rate, (4): Whole-body BMD, (5): Lumbar BMD, (6): Total hip BMD, (7): Femoral neck BMD.