Table 3. Subgroup analysis of the effects of exercise on body composition.

	No. of studies	Sample size		I2	MD (95% CI)	P value
		IT	C
Type of exercise
LBM
Resistance exercise	3	61	66	58%	1.43 [-0.29, 3.14]	0.10
Resistance and other exercise	6	224	211	0%	0.86 [0.16, 1.56]	<0.05
BFM
Resistance exercise	2	38	40	0%	-0.21 [-0.85, 0.44]	0.53
Resistance and other exercise	7	248	223	0%	-1.19 [-1.99, -0.40]	<0.01
BFR
Resistance exercise	3	61	66	69%	-1.48 [-3.48, 0.52]	0.15
Resistance and other exercise	5	160	141	0%	-1.08 [-1.53, -0.62]	<0.01
Intensity of resistance exercise *
LBM
8–12 RM	2	33	36	0%	2.61 [0.89, 4.32]	<0.01
6–12 RM	5	200	185	0%	0.83 [0.12, 1.55]	<0.05
BFM
8–12 RM	2	34	22	0%	-1.69 [-7.36, 3.98]	0.56
6–12 RM	5	200	185	0%	-1.15 [-1.97, -0.34]	<0.01
BFR
8–12 RM	3	57	48	0%	-2.52 [-4.13, -0.91]	<0.01
6–12 RM	3	115	109	0%	-1.09 [-1.56, -0.62]	<0.01
Duration of exercise
LBM
<6 months	4	113	115	0%	0.75 [0.23, 1.28]	<0.01
≥6 months	5	172	162	0%	1.60 [0.37, 2.83]	<0.05
BFM
<6 months	4	113	115	36%	-0.75 [-1.60, 0.09]	0.08
≥6 months	5	173	148	0%	-0.54 [-2.28, 1.19]	0.54
BFR
<6 months	4	110	109	10%	-0.78 [-1.20, -0.36]	<0.01
≥6 months	4	111	98	0%	-2.01 [-3.23, -0.78]	<0.01
Duration of ADT
LBM
Immediate exercise after ADT	4	120	117	0%	0.93 [0.18, 1.67]	<0.05
Delayed exercise after ADT	5	165	160	20%	1.02 [0.08, 1.96]	<0.05
BFM
Immediate exercise after ADT	4	120	117	0%	-1.37 [-2.25, -0.49]	<0.01
Delayed exercise after ADT	5	166	146	0%	-0.23 [-0.83, 0.38]	0.47
BFR
Immediate exercise after ADT	3	96	91	0%	-1.12 [-1.60, -0.64]	<0.01
Delayed exercise after ADT	5	125	116	35%	-0.97 [-1.97, 0.04]	0.06

* RCTs would be exclude if the intensity of resistance exercise is not 8–12 RM or 6–12 RM.