Figure 1. Hypoxia increases circulating ROS in patients with diabetes but not in control subjects without diabetes.

Healthy controls (A) and subjects with type 1 diabetes (B) were exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 1 hr. Peripheral blood was taken before (0h) and after (1h) hypoxia exposure. ROS levels were analyzed using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy with CPH spin probes (n = 10–13). Data are represented as mean ± SEM. *, p < 0.05 analysed using unpaired two-sided Student’s t-test. This figure has one figure supplement. Source data are shown in Figure 1—source data 1.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Schematic demonstration of hypoxia exposure protocol in the clinical study.

The study participants were exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 1 hr, consisting of five hypoxic episodes (H, 13% O₂, 6 min) that alternate with normoxic episodes (N, 20.9% O₂, 6 min).