Table 1.
Anti- and proinflammatory adipocytokines secreted by PVAT and its involvement in vascular diseases.
| Adipokine/cytokine | Effect on vasculature | Association with vascular diseases |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammatory adipocytokines | ||
| Adiponectin | (i) Vasodilator [169] (ii) ↓ adhesion molecule expression [170] (iii) ↓ oxidative stress [171] |
(i) ↓ production in obesity [172] and hypertension [173] |
| Omentin | (i) ↓ oxidative stress [25] (ii) ↓ mitochondrial dysfunction [25] (iii) ↑ NO [174] |
(i) ↓ expression in obesity [175] and CAD [176] |
| FGF-21 | (i) ↓ oxidative stress [177] (ii) ↑ vasorelaxation [178] |
(i) Improves vascular dysfunction in hypertension [179] |
| Vaspin | (i) ↑ insulin sensitivity [35] (ii) ↑ cytokine production [35] |
(i) ↓ production in atherosclerosis [180] |
| Nitric oxide | (i) Vasorelaxant [167] | (i) ↓ production in atherosclerosis [181] and hypertension [182] |
| IL-10 | (i) ↓ immune cell infiltration [37] | (i) ↓ in atherosclerosis [183] |
| Proinflammatory adipocytokines | ||
| IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1, MCP-1 | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [184] (ii) Endothelial dysfunction [90] (iii) ↑ ROS [185] |
(i) ↑ production in obesity [184] and atherosclerosis [186, 187] |
| Chemerin | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [188] (ii) ↑ adhesion molecule expression [189] |
(i) ↑ production in obesity and diabetes [190] |
| Leptin | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [54] (ii) ↑ ROS [191] (iii) endothelial dysfunction [192] |
(i) ↑ production in obesity, hypertension [192], and CAD [193] |
| Resistin | (i) ↑ ROS [56] (ii) ↑ macrophage infiltration [56] |
(i) ↑ production in atherosclerosis [194] |
| RANTES, Ang II | (i) ↑ immune cell infiltration [62] | (i) ↓ production in atherosclerosis [195] and hypertension [196] |
Abbreviations: Ang II: angiotensin II; CAD: coronary artery disease; IL: interleukin; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; NO: nitric oxide; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha.