Table 2.
Changes related to PVAT inflammation in atherosclerosis and hypertension.
| Atherosclerosis | Hypertension |
|---|---|
| (i) ↑ MCP-1 [197] | (i) ↑ IL-6, IL-17, IL-8, IL-23, IL-1β, TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1 [198–200] |
|
| |
| (ii) ↑ RANTES [201] | (ii) ↓ adiponectin, IL-10, IL-4 [202] |
|
| |
| (iii) ↑ IL-6, IL-1, IL-7 [203–205] | (iii) ↑ RAAS, aldosterone, and Ang II [206] |
|
| |
| (iv) ↑ TNF-α [207] | (iv) ↑ activation of AT1R [208] |
|
| |
| (v) ↓ adiponectin [209] | (v) ↑ ROS [210] |
|
| |
| (vi) ↑ Xpr1 & Taf3 [111] | (vi) ↑ NOX [211] |
|
| |
| (vii) ↑ PIAS1 [212] | (vii) ↑ complement C3 [213] |
|
| |
| (viii) ↑ FFA [214] | (viii) ↑ CCR2, CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL12, CCL3 [140] |
|
| |
| (ix) ↑ ROS [215] | (ix) ↑ ET-1 [210] |
|
| |
| (x) ↓ NO [216] | |
|
| |
| (xi) ↓ H₂S [217] | |
|
| |
| (xii) ↑ IFN-γ [218] | |
|
| |
| (xiii) ↑ Leptin [219] | |
|
| |
| (xiv) ↑ Visfatin [220] | |
|
| |
| (xv) ↑ MIP-1α [221] | |
|
| |
| (xvi) ↓ IgM [222] | |
Abbreviations: Ang II: angiotensin II; AT1R: angiotensin II type 1 receptor; C3: component 3; CCR: CC chemokine receptor; CCL: CC chemokine ligand; ET-1: endothelin-1; FFA: free fatty acid; H2S: hydrogen sulfide; IFN-γ: interferon-γ; IL: interleukin; IgM: immunoglobulin M; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIP-1α: macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α; NO: nitric oxide; NOX: NADPH oxidase; PIAS1: protein inhibitor of activated STAT1; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Taf3: TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 3; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; Xpr1: xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1.