Table 1.

The basic information of the test function.

Function	Formula	Dimension	Bounds	Optimum
Sphere	$F1={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^d{x}_i^2}$	30	[−100, 100]	0
Step	$F2={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^d{\left(\left|x_i+\text{0}\text{.}5\right|\right)}^2}$	30	[−100, 100]	0
Quartic	$F3={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{d}i{x}_i^4}+\text{rand}\left(\mathrm{0,1}\right)$	30	[−1.28, 1.28]	0
Alpine	$F4={\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^d\left|x_i\text{sin}\left(x_i\right)+0.1x_i\right|}$	30	[−10, 100]	0
Rastrigin	$F5=10d+{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^d\left[x_i^2-10\text{cos}\left(2\pi x_i\right)\right]}$	30	[−5.12, 5.12]	0