Table 1.
Patient characteristics, stratified by sex
|
Total patients (n = 447) |
Male patients (n = 255) |
Female patients (n = 192) |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66.1 ± 9.5 | 65.0 ± 9.8 | 67.6 ± 8.8 | 0.003 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 8.0 ± 6.8 | 7.6 ± 6.9 | 8.5 ± 6.7 | 0.177 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.4 ± 22.3 | 136.9 ± 21.5 | 142.8 ± 22.8 | 0.006 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.4 ± 12.6 | 78.3 ± 12.6 | 76.3 ± 12.5 | 0.103 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 3.7 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 25.0 ± 4.1 | 0.003 |
| Medicine used (%) | ||||
| Insulin | 56.4% | 55.3% | 57.8% | 0.630 |
| Metformin | 46.5% | 48.6% | 43.8% | 0.338 |
| Statins | 32.9% | 31.8% | 34.4% | 0.611 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 42.3% | 40.0% | 45.3% | 0.288 |
| Smoking (current or ever) | 28.6% | 49.4% | 1.0% | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption (current or ever) | 21.7% | 36.9% | 1.6% | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| FBG (mmol/L) | 8.9 ± 3.2 | 8.5 ± 2.7 | 9.3 ± 3.7 | 0.030 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 9.9 ± 2.4 | 10.1 ± 2.6 | 9.5 ± 2.0 | 0.003 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.47 ± 1.22 | 4.29 ± 1.09 | 4.69 ± 1.35 | 0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.82 ± 1.57 | 1.65 ± 1.10 | 2.05 ± 2.01 | 0.009 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.00 ± 0.26 | 0.96 ± 0.25 | 1.06 ± 0.26 | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.58 ± 0.93 | 2.51 ± 0.88 | 2.67 ± 0.99 | 0.087 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 37.7 ± 4.7 | 38.3 ± 4.2 | 36.8 ± 5.0 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 72.0 ± 31.8 | 78.6 ± 30.0 | 63.2 ± 31.9 | <0.001 |
| Uric acid (µmmol/L) | 314.2 ± 98.0 | 327.7 ± 101.1 | 296.2 ± 91.0 | 0.001 |
| PTH (pg/mL) | 43.60 ± 22.18 | 43.08 ± 21.04 | 44.43 ± 24.10 | 0.739 |
| PINP (ng/mL) | 14.95 ± 22.08 | 13.14 ± 19.76 | 17.36 ± 24.67 | 0.045 |
| β‐CTX (ng/mL) | 0.38 ± 0.24 | 0.35 ± 0.25 | 0.41 ± 0.23 | 0.072 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 58.42 ± 22.71 | 60.54 ± 20.93 | 55.71 ± 24.66 | 0.155 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 2.19 ± 0.11 | 2.19 ± 0.11 | 2.19 ± 0.11 | 0.812 |
| ASM | 19.07 ± 4.04 | 21.72 ± 2.67 | 15.52 ± 2.55 | <0.001 |
| ASM/height2 | 7.23 ± 1.77 | 7.71 ± 0.72 | 6.44 ± 0.93 | <0.001 |
| BMD | ||||
| Total lumbar (g/cm2) | 1.009 ± 0.312 | 1.073 ± 0.363 | 0.925 ± 0.201 | <0.001 |
| Femur neck (g/cm2) | 0.788 ± 0.148 | 0.827 ± 0.135 | 0.738 ± 0.149 | <0.001 |
| Total hip (g/cm2) | 0.858 ± 0.162 | 0.896 ± 0.148 | 0.809 ± 0.166 | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 15.1% | 9.8% | 21.9% | 0.001 |
Values are the mean ± standard deviation or number (%). P < 0.05 was deemed significant (comparison between men and women group). 25(OH)D, 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTH, parathyroid hormone; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.