Table 1.
Comparison of clinical, physical, and nutritional factors between the intensive intervention group and control group at the beginning of the study
| INT | CON | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 44 | 43 | |
| Male (%) | 68 | 56 | 0.235 † |
| Age (years) | 68.0 (62.2–71.0) | 65.0 (58.0–71.0) | 0.277 § |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.0 (8.0–21.0) | 14.0 (9.0–24.0) | 0.377 § |
| Diabetic retinopathy (%) | 48 | 58 | 0.370 † |
| Albuminuria category (A1, A2 and A3) ¶ (%) | 63, 17, 20 | 51, 30, 19 | 0.352 † |
| Diabetic kidney disease (%) | 50 | 58 | 0.521 † |
| CVR‐R (at rest) (%) | 1.83 (1.46–3.16) | 1.96 (1.46–2.70) | 0.856 § |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134 (122–141) | 133 (124–142) | 0.538 § |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73 ± 10 | 76 ± 14 | 0.319 ‡ |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.0 ± 0.7 | 7.1 ± 0.8 | 0.395 ‡ |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 67.7 ± 18.7 | 70.2 ± 16.6 | 0.517 ‡ |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180 (166–197) | 186 (163–201) | 0.468 § |
| HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 53 (48–64) | 53 (43–61) | 0.688 § |
| LDL‐C (mg/dL) | 97 ± 23 | 101 ± 33 | 0.548 ‡ |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100 (82–185) | 139 (78–199) | 0.521 § |
| Non‐HDL‐C (mg/dL) | 125 ± 23 | 131 ± 40 | 0.408 ‡ |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.0 (84.0–100.5) | 90.0 (86.0–95.0) | 0.566 § |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.5 | 25.1 ± 3.3 | 0.605 ‡ |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 25.3 ± 8.9 | 27.0 ± 10.0 | 0.393 ‡ |
| Protein intake (g/kg/day) | 1.00 (0.86–1.23) | 0.98 (0.75–1.12) | 0.105 § |
| Salt intake (g/day) | 10.1 ± 3.5 | 10.2 ± 3.9 | 0.896 ‡ |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or percentage.
BMI, body mass index; CON, control group; CVR‐R, coefficients of variation of the R‐R interval; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; INT, intensive intervention group; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; non‐HDL‐C, non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; kg, ideal weight.
χ2‐test.
Unpaired t‐test.
Mann–Whitney U‐test.
A1, urine albumin level was <30 mg/day; A2, urine albumin level was ≥30 mg/day, but <300 mg/day; A3, urine albumin level was ≥300 mg/day.