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. 2022 Feb 2;9:809952. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.809952

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Regulation mechanism diagram of NF-κB pathway. (A) Canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. The classical pathway is triggered by TNFα, IL-1, or LPS, and subsequently activates the IκK complex, which induces phosphorylation of IκBα and promotes its degradation. This leads to the release of the NF-κB heterodimer RelA/p50, which then translocates to the nucleus and induces the transcription of target genes. (B) Non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. This pathway is activated by CD40L, LTβR, RANKL and BAFF gene, and mediated by NIK and the IκK complex containing two IκKα subunits, but not NEMO. In the non-canonical pathway, receptor binding leads to activation of the NF-κB-inducible kinase NIK, which phosphorylates and activates the IκKα complex, which in turn phosphorylates two serine residues adjacent to the C-terminal IκB domain of the p100 ankyrin repeat, resulting in its partial proteolysis and release of the p52/RelB complex. Abbreviations: NF-κB, Nuclear Factor-kappa B; TNFα: tumor necrosis factor α; IL-1: interleukin-1; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IκB, an inhibitor of κB; IκK, IκB kinase; CD40L, CD40 ligand; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand; LTβR, lymphotoxin beta; BAFF, B cell-activating factor; NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase.