Table 1.
Minimally invasive liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Baseline characteristics, classifications of liver disease and tumor stage, and surgical techniques for whole cohort and propensity score matched groups with and without use of intermittent Pringle maneuver (IPM)
| Whole cohort | Post -PSM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 151 | IPM n = 46 |
No IPM n = 46 |
p | |
| Age (years) | 68 (19–86) | 69 (49–85) | 68 (19–86) | 0.484 |
| Sex (female) | 38 (25%) | 10 (22%) | 11 (24%) | 1.000 |
| ASA ≥ 3 | 90 (60%) | 30 (65%) | 30 (65%) | 1.000 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 (18–44) | 26.8 (20–40) | 27.45 (18–37) | 0.885 |
| Underlying liver diseasea | 0.234 | |||
| None | 12 (8%) | 4 (9%) | 1 (2%) | |
| Non-alcoholic liver disease (NASH) | 14 (9%) | 5 (11%) | 4 (9%) | |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 29 (19%) | 10 (23%) | 12 (27%) | |
| Other/cryptogenic | 25 (16%) | 9 (20%) | 4 (9%) | |
| Viral hepatitis | 64 (42%) | 16 (37%) | 24 (53%) | |
| Hepatitis B | 23 (36%) | 4 (25%) | 9 (38%) | 0.408 |
| Hepatitis C | 40 (63%) | 12 (75%) | 15 (62%) | |
| Co-infection hepatitis B + C | 1 (1%) | |||
| Liver fibrosis stageb | 0.973 | |||
| 0 | 4 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | |
| I | 9 (6%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (7%) | |
| II | 17 (11%) | 4 (9%) | 3 (7%) | |
| III | 18 (12%) | 3 (7%) | 5 (11%) | |
| IV (liver cirrhosis) | 100 (66%) | 34 (76%) | 34 (74%) | |
| Child Pugh score | 1.000 | |||
| A | 94 (94%) | 32 (94%) | 31 (91%) | |
| B | 6 (6%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (9%) | |
| Preoperative MELD score | 8 (5–24) | 8 (6–24) | 8 (6–17) | 0.383 |
| Tumor size (cm)c | 3 (0.3–18) | 3.1 (0.6–14) | 3 (0.3–9.5) | 0.207 |
| Multifocal HCC | 40 (27%) | 8 (17%) | 9 (20%) | 1.000 |
| Outside of Milan criteria | 49 (33%) | 15 (33%) | 12 (26%) | 0.647 |
| BCLC 0-A | 131 (87%) | 44 (96%) | 38 (83%) | 0.090 |
| Extent of resection | 0.807 | |||
| Major (≥ 3 segments) | 33 (22%) | 12 (26%) | 10 (22%) | |
| Minor (< 3 segments) | 118 (78%) | 34 (74%) | 36 (78%) | |
| IWATE score | 7 (1–12) | 8 (2–11) | 7 (2–12) | 0.369 |
| Surgical technique | 1.000 | |||
| Robotic | 32 (21%) | 9 (20%) | 10 (22%) | |
| Laparoscopic | 119 (79%) | 37 (80%) | 36 (78%) | |
| Use of intermittent Pringle maneuver | 73 (48%) | 46 (100%) | 0 | |
| Total duration of Pringle maneuver (minutes) | 18 (5–78) | 19.5 (5–78) | 0 | - |
Data presented as number (percent) for categorical or median (minimum–maximum) for continuous variables
aSeven cases with missing information about underlying liver disease
bAccording to Desmet classification of liver fibrosis. Three cases with missing information about fibrosis stage
cLargest lesion in case of multifocal tumor
MELD model of end stage liver disease, BCLC Barcelona clinic liver cancer staging