Table 1.
Summary of included articles providing cross-sectional data
| Authors | Country | Samples characteristics | Main assessment | Main outcome variable/s | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visuospatial Working Memory (n = 16) | |||||
| Alichniewicz et al. (2012) [25] | Regensburg (Germany) | 39 aMCI, 24 HCs | N-Back Task | Judgment accuracy | HCs > MCI |
| Reaction time | HCs = MCI | ||||
| Blatt et al. (2014) [26] | Magdeburg (Germany) | 18 aMCI, 25 HCs | Task description: subjects had to remember the location of vertical bars and ignore horizontal bars | Storage ability | HCs = MCI |
| Filtering ability | HCs > MCI | ||||
| Caffò et al. (2012) [27] | Bari (Italy) | 51 aMCI, 53 HCs | Reorientation paradigm | Number of attempts | HCs > MCI |
| de Rover et al. (2011) [28] | Cambridge (UK) | 15 aMCI, 16 HCs | CANTAB-PAL Test | Recall accuracy | HCs > MCI |
| Elosúa et al. (2017) [29] | Madrid (Spain) | 30 AD, 30 MCI [NOS], 30 HCs | Forward CBT (with inhibition) | Recall accuracy | HCs > MCI, HCs > AD |
| Kessels et al. (2010) [30] | Nijmegen (Netherlands) | 15 aMCI, 25 HCs | Box task | Within-search errors | HCs = MCI |
| Between-search errors | HCs > MCI | ||||
| Kessels et al. (2015) [31] | Nijmegen (Netherlands) | 14 AD, 11 MCI [NOS], 25 HCs | Backward CBT | Recall accuracy | HCs > MCI = AD |
| Kochan et al. (2010) [17] | Sydney (Australia) | 35 MCI [NOS], 22 HCs | DMS task | Recall accuracy | HCs = MCI |
| Reaction time | HCs = MCI | ||||
| Lou et al. (2015) [32] | Hong Kong (China) | 17 aMCI, 19 HCs | DMS task | Recall accuracy | HCs > MCI |
| Reaction time | HCs = MCI | ||||
| Maki et al. (2010) [33] | Maebashi (Japan) | 27 PwD (18 AD, 6 LBD, 3 NOS), 10 MCI, 29 HCs | Numerical memory span task | Recall accuracy | HCs > MCI > PwD |
| Mitolo et al. (2013) [34] | Padua (Italy) | 20 MCI [NOS], 14 HCs | OLRT | Accuracy in object recall and positioning | HCs > MCI |
| MLT | Difference between observed and correct responses | HCs > MCI | |||
| Moodley et al. (2015) [35] | Haywards Heath (UK) | 11 AD, 21 MCI [NOS], 20 HCs | 4MT | Allocentric spatial memory | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Moodley et al. (2015) [35] | Milan (Italy) | 9 AD, 14 MCI [NOS], 10 HCs | 4MT | Allocentric spatial memory | HCs > MCI, HCs > AD, MCI = AD |
| Ruggiero et al. (2018) [36] | Naples (Italy) | 8 AD, 11 aMCI, 19 HCs | EAT | Egocentric memory | HCs > AD, HCs = MCI, MCI = AD |
| Allocentric memory | HCs > MCI, HCs > AD | ||||
| Egocentric-allocentric switching | HCs > AD, HCs = MCI, MCI = AD | ||||
| Allocentric-egocentric switching | HCs > MCI, HCs > AD | ||||
| Ruggiero et al. (2020) [37] | Naples (Italy) | 8 AD, 10 aMCI, 20 HCs | EAT | Egocentric-categorical memory | HCs = MCI, HCs > AD, MCI = AD |
| Egocentric-coordinate memory | HCs = MCI > AD | ||||
| Allocentric-categorical memory | HCs = MCI > AD | ||||
| Allocentric-coordinate memory | HCs > MCI = AD | ||||
| Ung et al. (2020) [38] | Perak (Malaysia) | 18 AD, 12 MCI [NOS], 31 HCs | VWMT | Recall accuracy | HCs = MCI > AD |
| Wiechmann et al. (2011) [39] | Fort Worth (USA) | 261 AD, 107 VaD, 55 aMCI, 71 naMCI, 44 HCs | Backward CBT | Recall accuracy | HCs > VaD, HCs > AD, HCs = aMCI = naMCI, aMCI > AD, naMCI > AD, naMCI > VaD |
| Awareness of Memory Deficits (n = 12) | |||||
| Chudoba & Schmitter-Edgecombe (2020) [40] | Washington (USA) | 26 aMCI, 26 HCs | Study and recall of words from a 12-word list | OJD | HCs = MCI |
| Clare et al. (2013) [41] | Bangor (UK) | 99 PwD (AD, VaD, AD + VaD), 30 MCI (aMCI and aMCI-md) | MARS-MFS | SRD | MCI = PwD |
| MARS-MPS/RBMT | SRD + OJD | MCI > PwD | |||
| Coutinho et al. (2016) [42] |
Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) |
22 MCI (aMCI and aMCI-md), 25 HCs | RAVLT (5th trial) vs MAC-Q | Discrepancy between objective and subjective memory measures | HCs = MCI |
| Fragkiadaki et al. (2016) [43] | Athens (Greece) | 35 aMCI, 35 HCs | HVLT-Delayed Recall | OJD | HCs > MCI |
| BVMT-Delayed Recall | OJD | HCs > MCI | |||
| Galeone et al. (2011) [44] | Naples (Italy) | 15 AD, 25 aMCI, 21 HCs | AMIS | SRD | HCs > MCI = AD |
| Study and recall of words from three 10-word lists | OJD | HCs > MCI = AD | |||
| Lehrner et al. (2015) [45] | Vienna (Austria) | 43 AD, 137 aMCI, 181 naMCI, 211 HCs | FAI vs VRST-delayed recall | Discrepancy between objective and subjective memory measures | HCs > naMCI > aMCI > AD |
| Oba et al. (2018) [46] | Kyoto (Japan) | 118 AD, 47 aMCI, 17 HCs | Questionnaire on anosognosia for memory impairment | SRD | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Ryu et al. (2020) [47] | Seoul (Republic of Korea) | 49 AD, 51 MCI [NOS] | SMCQ | SRD | MCI = AD |
| Seelye et al. (2010) [48] | Pullman (USA) | 27 aMCI, 14 naMCI, 41 HCs | RAVLT-delayed recall | OJD | HCs = aMCI = naMCI |
| Tondelli et al. (2018) [49] | Modena (Italy) | 12 AD, 15 aMCI | RAVLT-Delayed Recall | OJD | MCI > AD |
| ROCF-Delayed Recall | OJD | MCI > AD | |||
| Vannini et al. (2017) [50] | Boston (USA) | 31 MCI (aMCI and aMCI-md), 251 HCs | Logical Memory-delayed recall (WMS-R) vs MFQ-general frequency of forgetting subscale | Discrepancy between objective and subjective memory measures | HCs > MCI |
| Vogel et al. (2004) [51] | Copenhagen (Denmark) | 36 AD, 30 aMCI, 33 HCs | ARS | CR | MCI = AD |
| SRSMF | SRD | HCs > MCI = AD | |||
| Visuomotor Control (n = 14) | |||||
| Aggarwal et al. (2006) [52] | Chicago (USA) | 60 AD, 198 MCI [NOS], 558 HCs | Pegboard test | Manual dexterity | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Camarda et al. (2007) [53] | Palermo (Italy) | 11 AD, 11 aMCI, 11 HCs | Reaching task | Hand movement velocity | HCs = MCI > AD |
| Colella et al. (2021) [54] | Rome (Italy) | 14 aMCI, 16 HCs | Finger-tapping task | Movement rhythm | HCs > MCI |
| Movement amplitude | HCs = MCI | ||||
| Movement velocity | HCs = MCI | ||||
| De Paula et al. (2016) [55] | Belo Horizonte (Brazil) | 38 AD, 34 aMCI, 32 aMCI-md, 20 HCs | Nine-hole peg test | Manual dexterity | HCs = aMCI, HCs > aMCI-md, HCs > AD; aMCI = aMCI-md, aMCI > AD, aMCI-md = AD |
| Franssen et al. (1999) [56] | New York (USA) | 101 AD, 69 MCI [NOS], 195 HCs | Sequential finger to thumb tapping task | Manual coordination | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Huang et al. (2019) [57] | Taipei (Taiwan) | 36 AD, 43 MCI [NOS], 41 HCs | Spiral examination | Hand movement velocity | HCs = MCI = AD |
| Yong examination | Hand movement trajectory | HCs > MCI > AD | |||
| Hand movement velocity | HCs > MCI > AD | ||||
| Kluger et al. (1997) [58] | New York (USA) | 25 AD, 25 MCI [NOS], 41 HCs | Finger-tapping task | Gross motor skills | HCs = MCI > AD |
| Purdue pegboard | Fine motor skills | HCs > MCI = AD | |||
| Grooved pegboard | Fine motor skills | HCs > MCI = AD | |||
| Purdue pegboard assembly test | Complex motor skills | HCs > MCI > AD | |||
| Roalf et al. (2018) [59] | Pennsylvania (USA) | 131 AD, 46 MCI [NOS], 62 HCs | Finger-tapping task | Fine motor skills | HCs > MCI = AD |
| Robens et al. (2019) [60] | Tübingen (Germany) | 56 AD, 64 MCI (aMCI and aMCI-md), 67 HCs | Digital tree drawing test | Hand movement velocity | HCs > MCI = AD |
| Salek et al. (2011) [61] | Toronto (Canada) | 10 MCI (aMCI, aMCI-md, and naMCI-sd), 10 HCs | Visuomotor integration task | Hand movement velocity | HCs > MCI |
| Schröter et al. (2003) [62] | Munich (Germany) | 35 AD, 39 MCI [NOS], 40 HCs | Handwriting task | Manual coordination | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Suzumura et al. (2018) [63] | Obu (Japan) | 31 AD, 15 MCI [NOS], 48 HCs | Finger-tapping task | Finger Dexterity | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Yan et al. (2008) [64] | Hayward (USA) | 9 AD, 9 aMCI, 10 HCs | Handwriting task | Hand movement velocity | HCs > MCI > AD |
| Hand movement smoothness | HCs > MCI > AD | ||||
| Yu et al. (2019) [65] | Kaohsiung (Taiwan) | 22 AD, 14 aMCI, 18 HCs | Graphomotor Task | Hand movement accuracy | HCs > MCI = AD |
> Better Performance, = Similar Performance, 4MT Four Mountains Test, AD Alzheimer’s Disease, aMCI Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment-Single Domain, aMCI-md Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment-Multiple Domain, AMIS Awareness of Memory Impairment Scale, ARS Anosognosia Rating Scale, BVMT Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, CANTAB-PAL Test, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery-Paired Associates Learning Test, CBT Corsi’s Block-Tapping Test, CR Clinician Rating, DMS Task, Delayed Match-to-Sample Task, EAT Ego-Allo Task, FAI Forgetfulness Assessment Inventory, HCs Healthy Controls, HVLT Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, LBD Lewy Body Dementia, MAC-Q Memory Complaint Questionnaire, MARS-MFS Memory Awareness Rating Scale-Memory Functioning Scale, MARS-MPS Memory Awareness Rating Scale-Memory Performance Scale, MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment, MFQ Memory Functioning Questionnaire, MLT Map Learning Test, naMCI Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment-Single Domain, naMCI-md Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment-Multiple Domain, NOS Not Otherwise Specified, OJD Objective Judgement Discrepancy, OLRT Objects and Location Recognition Test, PwD Patients with Dementia, RAVLT Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, RBMT Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test, ROCF Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure, SMCQ Subjective Memory Complaint Questionnaire, SRD Subjective Rating Discrepancy, SRSMF Self-Rating Scale of Memory Functions, VaD Vascular Dementia, VRST Verbal Selective Reminding Test, VWMT Visuospatial Working Memory Task, WMS-R Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised