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. 2022 Feb 15;12:2550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06395-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Voluntary wheel running. The total distance moved during the entire observation period (a) increased until animals reached sexual maturity (interaction p = 0.1802, age phase p < 0.0001, sex p < 0.0001). Analysis of the increase in activity during the testing phase did not reveal age-related differences in female (b) (F(4,190) = 1.02147, p = 0.3974) and male animals (c) (F(4,190) = 0.367026, p = 0.8319). Assessment of running activity at separate days (day 1–4) (d–g) demonstrated that running activity in P50 animals exceeded that of the sex-matched P25 group on all test days. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison tests for (a,d–g); linear regression for (b) and (c); *p < 0.05. Colored dots/lines refer to the respective age groups. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM).