TABLE 2.

Cognitive dysfunction associated with AUD and alteration of gut flora.

	Stage pre-clinical/clinical	Major points	References
Novelty memory	Pre-clinical	Lack of microbes impairs social skills and is flawed in identifying social novelties	Kraynak et al., 2018
		Cognitive deficits in novelty caused by alcohol intake are long-term	Chandler et al., 2017
	Clinical	Intestinal flora imbalance can impair the subject’s ability in the free recall test	Witkiewitz et al., 2019
Spatial memory	Pre-clinical	Animals whose drinking causes hippocampus damage have impaired access to new locations	Santin et al., 2000
		Insufficient spatial memory in the alcohol dependent group	Bowden and McCarter, 1993
	Clinical	People with a history of alcoholism have deficits in spatial memory	Nagahara et al., 1995
		Teenagers with AUD exhibit obvious brain abnormalities during the completion of spatial memory tasks	Caldwell et al., 2005
		High-dose intermittent and excessive ethanol consumption impaired spatial learning and memory	Contreras et al., 2019