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. 2022 Feb 15;12:2491. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06212-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Dose–response association between carbohydrate intake and risk of type 2 diabetes. (A) Western countries. (B) Asian countries. Solid line represents non-linear dose response and dotted lines represent 95% confidence interval. Circles represent hazard ratio point estimates for carbohydrate intake categories from each study with circle size proportional to inverse of standard error. Small vertical grey lines are baseline carbohydrate intake categories in each study.