TABLE 1.
Summary of the studies about the effects of butyrate on atherosclerosis.
| Reference | Type of study | Butyrate dose | Model | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aguilar et al. (2018) | In vivo | 1%wt/wt butyrate in diet for 10 weeks | HFD fed ApoE knockout mice | decreased atherosclerosis lesions of aorta |
| decreased CCL2, VCAM1 | ||||
| increased MMP2 and9 | ||||
| decreased migration of macrophage | ||||
| increased collagen depositions and plaque stability | ||||
| In vitro | 0.5 mM butyrate for 2 h | Macrophage | decreased ox-LDL uptake, CD36, VCAM1, CCL2, TNFα, IL1β and IL6 | |
| endothelial cells | increased IL10 levels | |||
| inhibited NF-kB activity | ||||
| Kasahara et al. (2018) | In vivo | 6% wt/wt tributyrin in diet for 14 weeks | ApoE knockout mice | inhibited the development of atherosclerosis, lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation in the plaque |
| reduced gut permeability | ||||
| Du et al. (2020) | In vivo | SB 200 and 400 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks | HFD fed ApoE knockout mice | improved the gut microbial diversity |
| increased the abundance of Firmicutes | ||||
| decreased cholesterol deposition | ||||
| decreased atherosclerotic lesions of aortae | ||||
| decreased TC | ||||
| increased the ABCA1 level in liver | ||||
| In vitro | 2 and 5 mM butyrate for 24 h | Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages | increased ABCA1 protein level | |
| ABCA1p-Luc HepG2 cells | increased the cholesterol efflux in RAW 264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner | |||
| Primary peritoneal macrophages | — | |||
| Wang et al. (2020) | In vitro | 100 and 200 μM butyrate for 24 h | TNF-α induced HUVECs cells | decreased VCAM-1 and E-selectin |
| reduced oxidative stress by reducing the levels of ROS and 4-HNE | ||||
| decreased MCP-1 and IL-8 | ||||
| improved protective factor KLF2,via the ERK5 pathway |
Abbreviations: HFD, high fat diet; APO E, apolipoprotein E; CCL2, C–C motif chemokine ligand 2; VCAM1, vascular adhesion molecule-1; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; ox-LDL, oxidized-low density lipoprotein; TNFα, Tumor necrosis factorα; IL, interleukin, NF-kB, Nuclear factor kappa B; SB, sodium butyrate; Hep G2, hepatocye G2; TC, total cholesterol; ABCA1, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; 4-HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; KLF2, Kruppel Like Factor 2; ERK5, Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5.