TABLE 2.

Summary of the studies about the effects of Butyrate on heart failure.

Reference	Type of study	Butyrate dose	Model	Result
Badejogbin et al. (2019)	In vivo	200 mg/kg/day butyrate in diet for 6 weeks	HFD fed wistar rats	ameliorated glucose dysmetabolism
				decreased TG, TC, corticosterone, MDA, plasma and cardiac UA, and LDH
				Increased glutathione
				Reduced cellular infarction, infiltration, and fibrosis
Aguilar et al. (2018)	In vitro	1, 2, 4 mM butyrate for 2 h	endothelin-1 (ET1) induced neonatal cardiomyocytes	inhibited hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes
Jiang et al. (2020)	In vivo	7.5 mg/kg/day butyrate intraperitoneally injected for 3 or 7 days post MI	Sprague-Dawley rats MI model	increased expression of M2 macrophage markers
				downregulated expression of inflammatory response-related genes
				suppressed sympathetic nerve remodeling
				inhibited myocardial hypertrophy
Yu et al. (2021)	In vivo	200 mmol/L SB in drinking water for 4 weeks	Sprague-Dawley rats myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury model	decreased infarct size
				decreased myocardial damage indicators (CK, CK-MB and LDH)
				decreased inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis
				suppressed sympathetic nervous system
				protective effects were diminished by vagotomy

Abbreviations: HFD, high fat diet; TG, Triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; MDA, malondialdehyde; UA, uric acid; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MI, myocardial infarction; SB, sodium butyrate; CK, creatine kinase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial isoenzyme.