TABLE 3.

Summary of the studies about the effects of butyrate on hypertension.

Reference	Type of study	Butyrate dose	Model	Result
Wang et al. (2017)	In vivo	1 g/kg/day SB for 14 days	Ang II‐infused sprague-Dawley rats model of HTN	decreased Ang II-induced mean arterial pressure
				decreased gene expression of TNFα and IL6
Zhang et al. (2019)	In vivo	1 g/kg/day SB for 2 weeks	Ang II‐infused Sprague Dawley rats model of HTN	decreased Ang II-induced mean arterial pressure
				decreased gene expression of IL‐1β, Nlrp3, and MCP‐1 in cardiac tissue
	In vitro	2 mmol/L SB	cardiomyocytes H9C2 cells	inhibited cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting COX2/PGE2 pathway
	Onyszkiewicz et al. (2019)	In vivo	1.4, 2.8, and 5.8 mmol/kg/day, Intracolonic (IC) or intravenously (IV) butyric acid for 2 days	Wistar rats	IC: increased concentration of butyric acid in the colon, portal and systemic blood, decreased BP and heart rate
IV: decreased BP didn’t changed heart rate
hypotensive effect was depended on vagus nerve signaling and FFAR2/3 receptors
Ex vivo		5 μM up to 1 mM butyric acid	mesenteric arteries (MA)	butyric acid dilated MA and GMA
			gracilis muscle arteries (GMA)	effective dose was 50 μM up to 1 mM
Robles‐Vera et al. (2020)		In vivo	0.5 mg/kg/day SB for 13 weeks	WKY and SHR Rats	prevented increase in systolic and diastolic BP
	prevented increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio
	increased Th17/Treg balance
	decreased endotoxemia

Abbreviations: SB, sodium butyrate; Ang II, Angiotensin II; TNFα, Tumor necrosis factorα; IL, interlukin; HTN, hypertension Nlrp3; MCP‐1, monocyte chemoattractant protein; COX2, cyclooxygenase‐2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; IC, intracolonic; IV, intravenously; BP, blood pressure; FFAR, free fatty acid receptor; MA, mesenteric arteries; GMA, gracilis muscle arteries; WKY, wistar Kyoto rat; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; Th, T helper; Treg, T regulatory.