TABLE 1.

Cell wall-deficient bacteria associated with chronic diseases.

Cell type	Bacteria	Isolated from patients	References
L-form	Nocardia	Chronic mycetoma	Beaman et al., 1976
L-form	UPEC	Recurrent UTI	Mickiewicz et al., 2019
L-form	Enterococcus faecalis	Chronic bacteriuria	Gutman et al., 1965
L-form	Klebsiella spp.	Chronic bacteriuria	Gutman et al., 1965
Small granule-like forms	Corynebacterium	Subacute endocarditis	Wittler et al., 1960
CWD	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Sarcoidosis	Almenoff et al., 1996
CWD	Mycobacteria	Tuberculous meningitis	Alexander-Jackson, 1945

UPEC, urinary pathogenic E. coli; UTI, urinary tract infection; CWD, cell wall-deficient.