Table 3.
Effect of the mobile health intervention on diet and physical activity variables.
| Variables | Intervention group (n=318) | Control group (n=332) | Net difference | ||||
|
|
Value | P value | Value | P value | Value | P valuea | |
| Energy intake (kcal) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 2394.1 (676.4) | N/Ab | 2359.9 (681.1) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | −204.18 (−285.46 to −122.89) | <.001 | −189.84 (−268.94 to −110.73) | <.001 | −14.34 (−127.48 to 98.80) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | −295.28 (−391.63 to −198.93) | <.001 | −222.88 (−310.62 to −135.14) | <.001 | −72.40 (−202.13 to 57.33) | .59 |
| Score for adherence to MDc (points) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 7.1 (1.9) | N/A | 7.1 (1.9) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 0.56 (0.34 to 0.78) | <.001 | 0.41 (0.19 to 0.60) | <.001 | 0.15 (−0.15 to 0.45) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 0.37 (0.12 to 0.63) | .005 | 0.56 (0.29 to 0.82) | <.001 | −0.19 (−0.56 to 0.17) | .06 |
| Score adherence to MD (≥9 points) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, n (%) | 81 (25.3) | N/A | 84 (25.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, percentage difference (95% CI) | 8.04 (2.07 to 14.02) | .009 | 5.90 (0.22 to 11.59) | .04 | 2.14 (−6.11 to 10.39) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, percentage difference (95% CI) | 6.45 (−0.89 to 13.80) | .09 | 11.66 (4.74 to 18.58) | .001 | −5.21 (−15.26 to 4.85) | .19 |
| Light activity (min/week) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 259.9 (283.4) | N/A | 259.8 (287.9) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 102.85 (70.46 to 135.26) | <.001 | 21.60 (−15.96 to 59.16) | .26 | 81.26 (31.93 to 130.58) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 91.21 (58.76 to 125.65) | <.001 | 58.85 (6.24 to 111.46) | .03 | 32.36 (−30.31 to 95.04) | .02 |
| Moderate activity (min/week) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 53.0 (154.2) | N/A | 41.3 (133.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 19.10 (−7.80 to 46.01) | .16 | 44.32 (22.06 to 66.57) | <.001 | −25.21 (−60.27 to 9.85) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 2.04 (−28.58 to 32.65) | .90 | 38.90 (13.54 to 64.26) | .003 | −36.86 (−76.39 to 2.66) | .06 |
| Vigorous activity (min/week) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 39.2 (228.0) | N/A | 30.7 (143.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 20.80 (−1.26 to 42.85) | .06 | 13.73 (−15.81 to 42.26) | .36 | 7.07 (−29.44 to 43.58) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 25.29 (2.98 to 47.59) | .03 | 17.37 (−4.92 to 39.66) | .13 | 7.92 (−23.54 to 39.37) | .82 |
| Moderate to vigorous activity (min/week) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 92.2 (293.5) | N/A | 71.9 (195.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 39.89 (5.07 to 74.73) | .03 | 58.04 (16.83 to 99.26) | .006 | −18.15 (−71.77 to 35.48) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 27.33 (−15.38 to 70.03) | .21 | 56.27 (18.59 to 93.96) | .004 | −28.95 (−85.63 to 27.73) | .33 |
| Total activity time (min/week) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 351.1 (415.8) | N/A | 331.7 (345.2) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 142.75 (94.90 to 190.61) | <.001 | 79.65 (24.27 to 135.02) | .005 | 63.11 (−9.68 to 135.90) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | 118.53 (60.59 to 176.48) | <.001 | 115.12 (45.01 to 185.23) | .001 | 3.41 (−87.63 to 94.46) | .57 |
| Total sitting time (min/week) | |||||||
|
|
Baseline, mean (SD) | 2903.6 (1397.3) | N/A | 2805.9 (1347.6) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
|
|
3-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | −174.98 (−294.58 to −55.40) | .004 | −42.74 (−160.90 to 75.42) | .48 | −132.24 (−300.17 to 35.70) | N/A |
|
|
12-month change, mean difference (95% CI) | −259.84 (−389.54 to −130.16) | <.001 | −94.28 (−239.15 to 50.60) | .20 | −165.57 (−359.74 to 28.60) | .09 |
aP value by analysis of variance.
bN/A: not applicable.
cMD: Mediterranean diet.