Figure 3.

Urolithin A reinforces neuronal autophagy in injured cortex activated by traumatic brain injury.

(A, B) Representative immunostaining of LC3 (red, Alexa Fluor 594) and p62 (red, Alexa Fluor 594) with NeuN (green, Alexa Fluor 488) 72 hours following TBI in injured cortex. Fluorescence intensity of LC3 increased after TBI and was further reinforced by UA, while fluorescence intensity of p62 decreased after TBI and was further weakened by UA. Scale bars: 25 µm. (C) Quantification of relative fluorescence intensity of LC3 and p62 (n = 6). (D) Representative western blots of LC3-II, LC3-I, and p62. (E) Quantification of relative protein expression (n = 5). Data are represented as mean ± SD. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test). LC3: Microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NeuN: neuronal nuclei; TBI: traumatic brain injury; UA: urolithin A; Ve: vehicle.