Table 1.
Quantitative and qualitative changes in individual immune cell types and immune cell markers detected within the BM microenvironment of MGUS, SMM, NDMM and RRMM patients compared to BM samples obtained from healthy volunteers [113, 137, 143, 184]
| Immune cells and markers | MGUS | SMM | NDMM | RRMM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD4+ve T cells | No change | No change | Reduced | Reduced |
| CD8+ve T cells | No change | No change | No change | No change |
| CD4+ve CD25+ve Tregs | No change | No change | Increased | Increased |
| PD1 expression on Tregs | No change | No change | Increased | Increased |
| LAG3 expression on Tregs | No change | No change | No change | Increased |
| Granulocytic MDSC | No change | No change | Increased | Further increased |
| PD-L1 expression on Granulocytic MDSC | No change | No change | Increased | Increased |
| Monocytic MDSC | No change | No change | No change | No change |
| PD-L1 expression on CD138+ve MM cells | No change | No change | Increased | Increased |
| NK cells | Slight Increase | ND | Increased | ND |
| NKT cells | Maintain their capacity for activation and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity | ND | Marked functional deficits | ND |
| Non classic CD16+ve monocytes | Increased | ND | Increased | ND |
| Classic CD14+ve monocytes | Normal/ Decreased | Decreased | Decreased | ND |
| Plasmacytoid DC | Decreased | ND | Decreased | ND |
| Monocytic DC | No change | ND | No change | ND |
| M2macrophages | ND | ND | Increased | Further increased |
| STAT3 activation in TAMS | Increased | ND | Increased | ND |
No change indicates that no significant change has been reported in the literature. ND indicates that significant changes have not been determined or been reported