Table.

Recent Advances in National Policy, Technology, and Data That Can Be Leveraged by Surgical Training Programs to Promote Responsible Post-Surgical Opioid Prescribing for Acute Pain

Resources	Examples
Department-level interventions based on consumption data	Automated collection of post-surgical opioid consumption data10 Institution-specific prescribing guidelines for common surgical procedures based on consumption data11 Educational seminars and reference materials for residents, advanced practice providers, and other prescribers
Personalized prescribing technologies	Machine learning models that predict post-surgical opioid requirements for individual patients12 Electronic Prescribing of Controlled Substances programs13
National opioid prescribing regulations	Initial acute opioid prescription size and duration limits put in place by states, pharmacies, and insurers14
Prescribing feedback loops	Prescription drug monitoring programs15
Patient culture change	Educating residents on pain management conversations with patients and setting goals for post-surgical pain control and functional status2,16–19