Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Healthy (n = 27) | COVID-19 (n = 17) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 54 ± 11 | 54 ± 12 | 0.932a |
| Male | 17 (63) | 11 (65) | >0.99b |
| Days since symptoms | N/A | 12 (10-16) | |
| In-hospital day at inclusion | N/A | 4 (3-8) | |
| Smokers | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.39b |
| BMI | 24 (23-26) | 28 (25-31) | <0.001c |
| 30-35 kg/m2 | 1 (4) | 5 (29) | 0.025b |
| >35 kg/m2 | 0 (0) | 1 (6) | 0.39b |
| X-ray changes | N/A | 17 (100) | |
| Pulmonary embolism | N/A | 1 (6) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Any | 0 | 8 (47) | <0.001b |
| Hypertension | 5 (29) | ||
| Previous myocardial infarction | 1 (6) | ||
| Asthma or COPD | 2 (12) | ||
| General medication | |||
| ACEi/ARB | - | 6 (35) | |
| Statins | - | 2 (12) | |
| Aspirin | - | 1 (6) | |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | - | 2 (12) | |
| COVID-19 medication | |||
| Corticosteroids | - | 13 (76) | |
| LMWH | - | 15 (88) | |
| Anti FX | - | 2 (12) | |
| Antibiotics | - | 3 (18) | |
| Remdesivir | - | 1 (6) | |
| Hemodynamic parameters at inclusion | |||
| SBP, mm Hg | 123 ± 13 | 117 ± 12 | 0.125a |
| DBP, mm Hg | 78 ± 8 | 74 ± 12 | 0.238a |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 63 ± 7 | 74 ± 16 | 0.004a |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | - | 19 ± 3 | |
| Oxygen saturation, % | - | 95 ± 3 | |
| Oxygen requirements anytime | N/A | 17 (100) | |
| Max oxygen requirement, L/min | N/A | 2.5 (2.0-4.0) | |
| HFNC anytime | N/A | 4 (24) | |
| Oxygen demand in total, d | N/A | 8 (3-9) | |
| Oxygen requiring at inclusion | N/A | 13 (76) | |
| Liters/min among those | N/A | 1.5 (1.0-2.0) | |
| HFNC at inclusion | N/A | 2 (12) | |
| Erythrocyte indices | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 142 (133-147) | 136 (129-141) | 0.044c |
| EVF | 0.41 ± 0.03 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.017a |
| MCV, fL | 89 (87-92) | 87 (84-89) | 0.015c |
| MCH, pg | 30 (29-31) | 30 (29-31) | 0.270c |
| RBC count, 1012/L | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 0.623a |
| Thrombocytes, 109/L | 234 (192-278) | 301 (240-421) | 0.007c |
| Leukocytes, 109/L | 5.0 (4.3-5.9) | 9.5 (5.3-11.2) | <0.001c |
| Lymphocytes, 109/L | - | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 78 ± 16 | 61 ± 13 | <0.001a |
| CRP, mg/L | |||
| At inclusion | 0.6 (0.3-1.0) | 36 (12-94) | <0.001c |
| Peak | N/A | 111 ± 59 | |
| ASAT, μkat/L | - | 0.94 ± 0.46 | |
| ALAT, μkat/L | - | 1.21 (0.88-1.41) | |
| Albumin, g/L | - | 29 ± 4 | |
| Procalcitonin, μg/L | - | 0.14 (0.08-0.19) | |
| LD, μkat/L | - | 5.5 (4.4-6.8) | |
| D-dimer, mg/L | - | 0.74 (0.33-0.94) | |
| Ferritin, μg/L | - | 1,629 ± 1,080 | |
| Troponin T elevation, >4 ng/L | - | 11 (65) | |
| Mean value among those, ng/L | - | 7.2 ± 1.4 |
Values are mean ± SD, n (%), or median (Q1-Q3).
ACEi = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALAT = alanine amino transaminase; Anti FX = anti-factor X; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ASAT = aspartate aminotransferase; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP = C-reactive protein; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; EVF = erythrocyte volume fraction; HFNC = high flow nasal cannula; LD = lactate dehydrogenase; LMWH = low molecular weight heparin; MCH = mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCV = mean corpuscular volume; mmHg = millimeter mercury; N/A = not applicable; RBC = red blood cell; SBP = systolic blood pressure.
Unpaired t-test.
Fisher’s exact test.
Mann-Whitney test. Reference values are as follows: ALAT <1.1 μkat/L, albumin 34-45 g/L, ASAT <0.76 μkat/L, D-Dimer <0.5 mg/L for age <51 years and <0.71 mg/L for age >50 years, ferritin 30-350 μg/L, LD <3.5 μkat/L, lymphocytes 1.1-3.5·109/L, procalcitonin <0.5 μg/L, troponin T <15 ng/L.