. 2021 Oct 22;25(1):4–37. doi: 10.1111/hex.13374

Table 5.

Quantitative, mixed‐methods and qualitative articles' descriptions and summaries of resilience findings

Author (year)	Purpose	Recruitment setting	Resilience scale or measure	Mean resilience score (SD)	Key results
Quantitative, cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies (n = 35)
Castellano‐Tejedor and Lusilla‐Palacios (2017) ⁵⁸	To describe a sample of caregivers of persons SCI, their burden of care, resilience and life satisfaction and to assess the relationships between these variables and other sociodemographic factors	SCI acute unit from a tertiary university hospital following discharge	The Resilience Scale	141.93 (23.4)	Half of the sample showed moderate–high resilience; few had low‐resilience scores. Resilience was not related to caregivers' demographics or SCI severity. Burden was negatively correlated with resilience. Resilience was positively correlated with relationship satisfaction
Senturk et al. (2018) ⁵⁹	To examine the relationship between caregiver burden and psychological resilience in caregivers of PWD	Outpatient neurology department of a university hospital	The Resilience Scale for Adults	111.25 (23.9)	Negative correlation between the caregiver burden index and resilience scores
Garity (1997) ⁷⁶	To investigate the relationship between stress level, learning style, resilience factors and ways of coping in AD family caregivers	Support groups of an AD association	The Resilience Scale	144.4^c	Participants were moderate–high on resilience scores and used problem‐ and emotion‐focused coping. Resilience positively correlated with emotion‐ and problem‐focused coping
Scholten et al. (2020) ⁶⁰	To identify intra‐ and interpersonal sociodemographic, injury‐related and psychological variables measured at admission of inpatient rehabilitation that predict psychological distress among dyads of individuals with SCI or ABI and their significant others 6 months after discharge	Part of a larger study conducted in regional rehabilitation centres	Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale Short‐form	28.2 (6.1)	Higher baseline psychological distress, lower scores on adaptive psychological characteristics (combination of self‐efficacy, proactive coping, purpose in life and resilience), and higher scores on maladaptive psychological characteristics (combination of passive coping, neuroticism, appraisals of threat and loss) were related to higher psychological distress, as well as crosswise between individuals with SCI or ABI and their significant others
Brickell et al. (2020) ⁷⁷	To examine factors related to resilience in military caregivers across health‐related caregiver QOL, caregiver sociodemographic variables and SMV injury and health status	TBI clinics at a National Military Medical Centre; Marine Corps base camp; community outreach activities	TBI‐QOL Resilience Short form	55.6 (9)	There were no differences across caregiver resilience groups (‘low‐moderate’, ‘moderate’, ‘moderate‐high’) for most demographics, SMV injury and health status variables. Low resilience was related to strain on employment due to caregiving duties, financial burden, caring for children, less personal time, caring for both verbal and physical irritability, anger and aggression and lower SMV functionality. Lower resilience was associated with poorer health‐related QOL scores across all groups
Simpson and Jones (2013) ⁹¹	To investigate the relationship between resilience and positive affect, negative affect and burden in caregiving; the relationship between resilience and helpfulness of caregiving management strategies; and the similarities and differences in resilience among family TBI versus ABI caregivers	Review of medical records and staff caseloads	The Resilience Scale	140.2 (18.7)	Positive correlation between resilience and positive affect. Resilience demonstrated a negative correlation with negative affect and burden scores. No link was found between resilience and the relatives' severity of functional impairment. Participants with high‐resilience scores rated certain caregiving strategies as more helpful than those with low‐resilience scores
Cousins et al. (2013) ⁶¹	To explore the influence of family caregivers on the uptake of NIV in persons with MND	Specialist neurology and respiratory clinics	The Dispositional Resilience Scale	NIV	Caregivers supporting NIV treatment were more resilient. Caregiver resilience (commitment) was the strongest predictor of uptake of NIV treatment
				88.63 (13.2)
				Decliners
				73.50 (15)
Elnasseh et al. (2016) ⁶²	To examine whether healthier family dynamics are associated with a higher sense of coherence, resilience and optimism in dementia caregivers in Latin America	Regional Neuroscience Institute	The Resilience Scale for Adults	204.29 (21.8)	Family dynamics explained 32% of the variance in resilience. Income was associated with resilience. Greater family empathy and decreased family problems were associated with higher resilience
Ertl et al. (2019) ⁶³	To examine whether resilience moderates the relation between perceived stress and health‐related QOL among PD caregivers in Mexico	Outpatient neuropsychological services at the National Neuroscience Institute	The Brief Resilience Scale	21.28 (4.4)	Resilience moderated the inverse relationship between perceived stress and mental health‐related QOL. Resilience did not moderate the relation between stress and physical health‐related QOL
Fitzpatrick and Vacha‐Haase (2010) ⁷⁸	To examine the relationship between resilience and marital satisfaction in caregivers of spouses with dementia	Gerontology Research Unit at regional hospital and local caregiver support groups	The Shortened Resilience Scale	5.5 (0.8)	Resilience was not correlated with marital satisfaction. Marital satisfaction was influenced most by caregiver burden (negative influence) and caregiver age (positive influence)
Kimura et al. (2019) ⁸⁷	To investigate the relationship between clinical symptoms of people with young‐onset Alzheimer disease (YOAD) and carer resilience	AD outpatient clinic at the University Institute of Psychiatry	The Resilience Scale	141.4 (13.5)	Carers showed moderate to high levels of resilience. No relationship was found between carer resilience and both carer and care‐recipient sociodemographic characteristics. No relationship was found between career resilience and clinical symptoms of persons with YOAD. Resilience was inversely associated with carers' depressive symptoms
Ruisoto et al. (2020) ⁶⁴	To examine factors that predict burden in a sample of family caregivers of PWD	Referral lists of the associations of relatives of people with AD and other dementias, neurology outpatient clinics and the national reference centre of AD	The Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale	73.9 (13.7)	Caregiver burden correlated negatively with resilience. Resilience explained 18.7% of variance in social support and social support accounted for 46.11% of variance in burden. Social support partially mediated the relationship between resilience and burden in caregivers
Scott (2013) ⁴⁶	To examine the moderating effect of resilience between caregiver stressors and caregiver burden	Community agencies that provide education and support to AD caregivers in the region	The Resilience Scale	NR	Resilience was not identified as a moderator of the relationship between stressors and caregiver burden. An inverse relationship existed between resilience and caregiver burden
Pessotti et al. (2018) ⁸⁸	To evaluate family caregivers' perception of QOL, burden, resilience and religiosity and relate them with cognitive aspects and occurrence of neuropsychiatric symptoms of elderly persons with dementia	Clinical Neurology Outpatient Clinic at the regional hospital	The Resilience Scale	135.6 (22.5)	Resilience was associated with better perceived QOL, severity of dementia, higher intrinsic religiosity and lower occurrence of depressive symptoms
Wilks and Vonk (2018) ⁷⁹	To explore whether the coping method of private prayer served as a protective factor or mediator between caregiver burden and perceived resiliency among AD caregivers	Regional AD association caregiver support groups	The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale	73.4 (13.4)	Burden positively affected the extent of prayer usage and negatively influenced resilience. Caregiver burden and private prayer influenced variation in resilience scores. Results support prayer as a mediator between burden and resilience
Rosa et al. (2020) ⁹⁰	To investigate resilience in caregivers of people with mild and moderate AD and the related sociodemographic and clinical characteristics	Outpatient clinic of the university institute of psychiatry and AD	The Resilience Scale	140.6 (17.2)	In persons with mild and moderate AD, caregiver resilience was inversely related to emotional problems. There was no difference between resilience in caregivers of people with mild versus moderate AD. In the mild AD group, neuropsychiatric symptoms of the person with AD and caregiver's depressive symptoms were related to caregiver resilience. In the moderate AD group, caregiver QOL and coresiding with the care‐recipient were related to resilience
Chan et al. (2019) ⁸³	To explore caregiver strain and resilience of caregivers of patients with AD in Malaysia; to determine factors associated with caregiver strains in caregivers of patients with AD; and to determine the effect of resilience on the relationship between caregiver strains and caregiver or patient factors	AD Foundation Malaysia	The Brief Resilience Scale	19.2 (3.3)	The sample demonstrated moderate to high resilience. Resilience was associated with gender and employment status. A negative correlation was found between resilience and caregiver strain
Dias et al. (2016) ⁸⁹	To investigate the relationship between resilience and sociodemographic and clinical factors of people with dementia; to test the hypothesis that caregivers' resilience is a personality trait, independent from the clinical symptoms of the person with dementia	Physicians' referral from a dementia outpatient clinic	The Resilience Scale	137.6 (15.5)	Participants reported moderate to high levels of resilience. Resilience was not related to gender, clinical or emotional problems. Resilience was related to caregiver QOL, and inversely associated with depressive symptoms. There was no relationship between caregivers' resilience and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of people with dementia. The authors concluded that resilience is an individual characteristic
Serra et al. (2018) ⁶⁵	To investigate a set of caregiver and patient factors, such as psychosocial protective variables, linked to abuse‐related behaviour of PWD	Referrals from the associations of relatives of PWD, neurology outpatient clinics and The National Reference Centre of AD	The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale	73.9 (13.7)	Resilience and social support were negatively associated with abuse scores (i.e., protective effect). Social support and resilience were associated with a lower probability of abuse
Sutter et al. (2016) ⁴⁷	To examine the relationships between personal strengths (optimism, sense of coherence and resilience) and mental health of dementia caregivers from Latin America	Regional neuroscience institute and university, local neurology outpatient clinics, flyers, word‐of‐mouth, local community connections	The Brief Resilience Scale	17.4 (5.6)	More manageability, general resilience and social competence were uniquely associated with lower depression. Resilience and other variables were not predictive of caregiver burden or life satisfaction
Jones et al. (2018) ⁴⁸	To describe the demographic and psychosocial characteristics of caregivers who attend dementia cafes and to identify which factors influence the likelihood of family caregivers attending dementia cafes	Dementia cafes and health and well‐being events facilitated by local AD or well‐being societies	The Brief Resilient Coping Scale	NR	Caregivers who attended cafes reported higher resilience and subjective well‐being; no difference in social support was detected
Jones, Killett et al. (2019a) ⁵⁵ ; Jones, Woodward et al. (2019b) ⁴⁹	2019a	Adverts in newsletters, carer information events held by local charities and an online carer's forum, dementia cafes	The Brief Resilient Coping Scale	NR^a	2019a
	To investigate factors that affect resilient coping in carers; to assess whether symptoms of distress vary between carers with differing levels of resilient coping; and to identify whether resilient coping acts as a mediator in the carer distress–well‐being relationship				‘High’ resilient carers reported less distress than ‘low’ resilient carers. Resilient coping partially mediated the relationships between well‐being and caregiver distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, stress and burden). Carers with high resilient coping skills reported less depression, anxiety, stress and burden than those with ‘low’ resilient coping
	2019b				2019b
	To compare sociodemographic characteristics and the availability of social support for carers with ‘low’ and ‘high’ resilient coping and to identify if social support predicted high resilient coping in informal carers of people with dementia				The availability of emotional/informational support was most likely to predict resilient coping and tangible support was the least likely to predict resilient coping. Only gender predicted high resilient coping. No single domain of social support had a greater influence on resilient coping
Wilks et al. (2011, 2018) ⁸⁰ , ⁸¹ )	2011	Mailing lists from a nonprofit AD services organisation; African American communities (e.g., churches, community centres, adult day centres, a home health agency, caregiver homes)	The Shortened Resilience Scale	2011	2011
	This study assessed the impact of AD patients' aggressive behaviour (i.e., AD aggression) on caregiver coping strategies (task‐, emotion‐, and avoidance‐focused) and caregiver resilience, and examined whether a coping strategy moderated the AD aggression–caregiver resilience relationship			5.9^c	Aggression negatively predicted caregiver resilience. All coping strategies correlated with resilience scores. Task‐focused coping was positively related to resilience. Emotion and avoidance‐focused coping strategies separately interacted with aggression and increased their negative relationship with resilience. Task‐focused coping showed no moderating effect
	2018			2018	2018
	To understand whether spiritual support with AD caregivers acts as a moderating factor among the caregiving burden–resilience relationship in a manner similar to caregiver social support, and to observe ethnicity, African American versus Caucasian caregivers, in said moderation			5.8^c	For each ethnic group of caregivers, burden was inversely proportional to resilience. In all groups, the association between spiritual support and resilience was positive and direct. Social support did not moderate risk within either group. African American caregivers reported higher resilience than their Caucasian counterparts
Wilks (2008a) ⁶⁶ ; Wilks and Croom (2008b) ⁸²	2008a	Two large AD care conferences: one held in a large urban area and another held in a rural locale	The Shortened Resilience Scale	5.5 (1.3)	2008a
	To evaluate psychometric properties of the shortened Resilience Scale among a sample of AD caregivers				Results confirmed the RS15 to be a psychometrically sound measure that can be used to appraise the efficacy of caregiving adaptability among the sample
	2008b				2008b
	To examine whether social support functions as a protective, resilience factor among AD caregivers; to examine the relationship between risk (i.e., perceived stress) to mental and physical health, an outcome of resilience and potential protective factors for resilience among caregivers				The sample reported moderate to high resilience. Perceived stress negatively influenced resilience and accounted for 43% of variance in resilience scores. Social support positively influenced resilience, and caregivers with high family support had the highest probability of elevated resilience. Social support is a protective mediator of resilience
Anderson et al. (2019) ⁹²	To integrate related explanatory (personality, coping) and mediating (hope, resilience, self‐efficacy) and caregiver outcome (burden, psychological distress, quality of life) variables into a larger model and to test the role of resilience, hope and self‐efficacy among family caregivers of persons with TBI	Six regional inpatient and community rehabilitation centres	The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale	76.23 (12.3)	The model accounted for 63% of the variance in resilience. Resilience had a direct effect on positive affect in caregivers. There was a strong positive association between general self‐efficacy and resilience. Problem‐focused coping had a direct positive effect on resilience. Resilience was indirectly associated with caregiver burden when mediated through social support. Resilience demonstrated a direct effect on hope that is associated with positive mental health. Resilience was associated with reduced morbidity
Hayas et al. (2015) ⁵⁰	To develop the Questionnaire of Resilience in Caregivers of Acquired Brain Injury (QRC‐ABI) and explore its psychometric properties	The Federation of ABI Associations and public day care centres specializing in ABI	QRC‐ABI	43.24 (11.3)	The QRC‐ABI showed good reliability and validity. Convergent validity was supported through positive correlations of the QRC‐ABI with QOL, positive aspects of caregiving and posttraumatic growth and a negative correlation with perceived burden
Vatter et al. (2018, 2020) ⁵⁶ , ⁵⁷	2018	Nation‐wide post or as part of a larger study (ref)	The Brief Resilience Scale	24.97 (11.9)	2018
	To explore the factor structure of the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) in life partners of people with Parkinson's‐related dementia and to examine the relationships among the emerging factors and the demographic and clinical features				Five factors of the ZBI (i.e., social and psychological constraints, personal strain, interference with personal life, concerns about future and guilt) all negatively correlated with resilience. Lower resilience and higher negative strain and feelings of resentment were contributors to burden
	2020				2020
	To explore and compare levels of mental health, care burden and relationship satisfaction among caregiving spouses of people with mild cognitive impairment or dementia in PD (PDD) or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)				Over 75% of respondents reported good resilience. ZBI scores correlated with resilience. Caregivers who were dissatisfied with their relationship reported lower resilience. Burden, stress, resilience, relationship satisfaction, quality of life, anxiety, depression and mental health levels did not differ between spouses of people with PDD and DLB.
Ledbetter et al. (2020) ⁶⁷	To investigate how individual and contextual factors (i.e., caregiving tasks, resilience, timing of the SCI) moderate the extent to which receiving social support predicts psychosocial distress among SCI caregiving romantic partners	Online groups targeted at SCI caregivers	The Brief Resilience Scale	4.05 (0.8)	Resilience inversely predicted psychosocial distress in both the preinjury and postinjury groups. Findings revealed the benefits of resilience. Receiving high‐quality support and timing of the injury moderated resilience effects. Injuries sustained after relationship initiation threatened well‐being and closeness and altered the extent to which support and resilience were associated with health and relationship benefits
O'Rourke et al. (2010) ⁶⁸	To examine the three facets of psychological resilience (i.e., perceived control, commitment to living, challenge versus stability) as predictors of depressive symptoms over time among spousal caregivers of PwAD	Clinic for AD and related disorders at a regional university hospital	The Dispositional Resilience Scale	NR	Resilience was associated with depressive symptoms among caregivers. Challenge and perceived control predicted depressive symptoms 1 year later. An increase in challenges over time predicted lower levels of depressive symptoms at Time 2. Commitment was not associated with depressive symptoms at any time point
Rivera‐Navarro et al. (2018) ⁵¹	To validate the Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE) as an instrument for detecting the maltreatment of people with dementia in Spain	Local associations of relatives of people with AD and other dementia and neurology outpatient clinics	The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale	73.6 (13.4)	High CASE scores were associated with greater burden, lower social support and lower resilience of caregivers. Resilience scores were negatively correlated with interpersonal abuse and neglect/dependency. The consistent negative association of CASE scores with resilience is indicative of this advantageous characteristic
Tyler et al. (2020) ⁶⁹	To validate a theoretical structural equation model whereby social support is associated with higher levels of resilience in PD caregivers and increased resilience is related to decreased mental health symptoms	PD clinics associated with academic university institutions in Mexico and the PD and Movement Disorders Center at a regional medical centre in the USA	The Brief Resilience Scale	NR	The model explained 11% of the variance in resilience. Higher levels of social support were associated with higher resilience, which in turn was associated with lower mental health symptoms. Resilience partially mediated the effect of social support on mental health symptoms
Quantitative, intervention studies (n = 4)
Ghaffari et al. (2019) ⁸⁴	To determine the effectiveness of resilience education in the mental health of family caregivers of elderly patients with AD	Referrals from regional hospital and neurologist offices	The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale	NR	Resilience education promoted the mental health of family AD caregivers by decreasing somatic symptoms and social dysfunction
Lavretsky et al. (2010) ⁷⁵	To examine the potential of an antidepressant drug (escitalopram) to improve depression, resilience to stress and quality of life in family dementia caregivers in a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blinded trial	NR	The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale	60.2 (16.7)	Measures of depression, anxiety, resilience, burden and distress and quality of life improved on escitalopram compared with placebo groups
MacCourt et al. (2017) ⁷⁰	To assess the structure and effectiveness of a grief management coaching intervention with caregivers of individuals with dementia	Local social media and referrals from regional AD society	The Resilience Scale	Spouse T1: 67.9^c T2: 68.9^c	For the intervention group, grief, coping, empowerment and resilience scores improved postintervention. The intervention group showed greater resilience at Time 2. Time 1 resilience scores predicted greater resilience at Time 2
				Adult child T1: 66.6^c T2: 71.1^c
Pandya (2019) ⁸⁵	To report the impact of a long‐term meditation programme for enhancing self‐efficacy and resilience of home‐based caregivers of older adults with AD	Network of agencies linked to older adults, geriatric clinics and units in private hospitals	The Resilience Scale for Adults; The Caregiver Resilience Scale (CRS)	RSA Control Pre: 99.2 (8.3) Post: 100 (8.3) Intervention Pre: 100.31 (9) Post:187.93 (14.2)	Posttest RSA and CRS scores of the intervention group were higher than the control group and their own pretest scores. Caregiver women, spouses, Hindus, middle class, with college and higher education, homemakers, who attended at least 75% of the meditation lessons and regularly practiced meditation at home reported lower posttest perceived caregiving burden, higher self‐efficacy and resilience. Meditation was effective for increasing resilience
				CRS Control Pre: 30.28 (4.4) Post: 31.03 (5.3) Intervention Pre: 31.21 (4.9) Post: 58.71 (6.8)
Mixed‐methods studies (n = 4)
Maneewat et al. (2016) ⁸⁶	To develop the CRS for Thai caregivers of older persons with dementia and to examine its validity and reliability	Memory Clinic, Neurological Clinic or Geriatric Clinic in the Outpatient Department at a regional hospital	The CRS; semi‐structured interviews	NR	The final version of the CRS was composed of 30 items within six domains: physical competence; relationship competence; emotional competence; cognitive competence; moral competence; and spiritual competence. The 30‐item CRS was considered a valid and reliable instrument
Bull (2014) ⁷¹	To describe family caregivers' level of resilience and psychological distress and to describe the strategies that family caregivers use to persevere in their caregiving role despite the challenges encountered in caring for a family member with dementia	Five adult day centres located in a city setting	The Resilience Scale; narrative interviews	154.3 (15.8)	Participants had high resilience and low psychological distress. The use of self‐sustaining strategies explained the high scores on resilience and low levels of psychological distress. Caregivers used four strategies to sustain the self: drawing on past life experiences that dealt with difficult situations, nourishing the self, relying on spirituality and seeking dementia‐related information
Jones et al. (2019) ⁵⁴	To explore discrepancies and congruency between definitions of resilience in the academic literature and carers' own conceptualizations; to assess differences and similarities in conceptualizations of resilience between carers with high‐, medium‐ and low‐resilience scores; and to compare carers' perceived level of resilience with the level of resilience when measured on a standardized tool	Theoretical sampling recruited from participants in previous study ⁴⁸	Brief Resilient Coping Scale; semi‐structured interviews	NR	Under half (46%) of the carers had low resilience. Carers' definitions of resilience were concordant with clinical and academic definitions; however, they extended the concept and placed greater value on the role of self‐compassion. Carers recognized that the appearance of resilience may have negative consequences in terms of securing support from others. Resilience scores did not always match carers' own perceptions of their level of resilience
Kidd et al. (2011) ⁷²	To test the effectiveness of a poetry writing intervention for family caregivers of elders with dementia and to examine outcome variables of self‐transcendence, resilience, depressive symptoms and subjective caregiver burden	Support groups, churches and agencies	The Resilience Scale; interviews	NR	Women were lower in self‐transcendence and resilience, and higher in depressive symptoms and burden. Older caregivers scored higher than younger caregivers on the study variables of self‐transcendence and resilience. Poetry writing was an effective intervention that may promote resilient outcomes

Qualitative studies (n = 7)
Author (year)	Purpose	Recruitment setting	Means of resilience assessment	Key results
Bekhet and Avery (2018) ¹⁹	To identify components of resilience theory (i.e., risk factors, protective factors, overlapping factors) from the perspective of caregivers of PWD	Regional AD Association early stage programmes	Open‐ended questions on written questionnaires	The experience of dementia caregiving involved a combination of risk factors and protective factors, suggesting that caregivers may feel conflicted. Risk factors included experiences of stress and difficulties, demanding tasks, frustration, lack of social support, exhaustion and negative feelings. Protective factors included feeling rewarded and serving a purpose. If protective factors were more predominant, then caregivers became more resilient and experienced associated positive health outcomes
Roberts and Struckmeyer (2018) ⁷³	To examine family caregiver perspectives on how respite programming impacts their resilience and ability to better handle the demands of their responsibilities	Recruited as part of a larger study^b through respite providers	Semi‐structured interviews	Several themes emerged describing the path to caregiver resilience that included family dynamics, isolation, financial struggles, seeking respite and acceptance. The road to acceptance became a critical factor in the development of resilience
Han et al. (2019) ²⁵	To identify challenges, possible solutions as resources for resilience and expected consequences from the perspective of family caregivers of hospice patients with dementia	Two large hospice agencies recruited as part of a larger clinical trial	Deductive content analysis of secondary clinical trial data	Resilience resources were identified at the individual, community and societal levels. Resources included knowledge, self‐control and appraisal, self‐care, using visual materials, having options to choose a good care facility with exemplary providers, family or friends' support, involvement in volunteer activities, legislative support, public awareness and health insurance. Identified challenges were difficulties in communication, providing care and decision‐making, lack of knowledge, emotional challenges, concern about care facility selection, death with dignity and lack of public awareness
Liu et al. (2020) ⁷⁴	To investigate the resilience of a growing but largely underserved and understudied population—Chinese American dementia caregivers, whose experience is embedded in their development throughout the life span, process of migration and sociocultural contexts	Local agency providing services for dementia caregivers with a representation of Chinese clients	Semi‐structured interviews	Main themes fit within two categories, challenge and resilience, in each of the four principles—time and place, timing in lives, linked lives and agency—of the developmental life course perspective. Physical and emotional exhaustion was the most frequently mentioned challenge theme, followed by limited knowledge of dementia, navigating the healthcare system and limited time for self‐development. Three aspects of resilience—sense of mastery, access to formal and informal support and commitment to care—were salient among caregivers
Donnellan et al. (2015, 2017, 2019) ³⁸ , ⁵² , ⁵³	2015	Two local dementia support groups and a care home	Semi‐structured interviews	2015
	To assess whether spousal dementia carers can achieve resilience and to reveal which factors and resources facilitate or hinder resilience within the ecological framework			Carers achieve resilience via a complex multidimensional process. A resilient carer was someone who stayed positive, who maintained their relationship with their loved one's former self, who were knowledgeable, well supported and who were engaged with respite services. Facilitating community factors included friendships with common experience and social participation. Individual hindering resilience factors were negative outlook and perceived social isolation
	2017			2017
	To explore social support as a key component of resilience and to identify the availability and function of support provided to older spousal dementia carers			Social support is not always sufficient to facilitate resilience, as negative perceptions of support may moderate the effect of support on resilience. Family and friends served a wide range of functions, but were equally available to resilient and nonresilient participants
	2019			2019
	To use qualitative longitudinal methods to examine trajectories of resilience and which assets and resources are associated with resilience and care status transitions in spousal dementia carers			Five participants remained resilient, three remained nonresilient and four participants became resilient. Only one participant became nonresilient. Stable resilience was characterized by continuing individual assets and community resources. Carers who became resilient returned to previous resources or gained new resources

Abbreviations: ABI, acquired brain injury; AD, Alzheimer's disease; CRS, caregiver resilience scale; MND, motor neuron disease; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; NR, not reported; PD, Parkinson's disease; PWD, persons with dementia; QOL, quality of life; RSA, resilience scale for adults; SCI, spinal cord injury; SMV, service member veteran; TBI, traumatic brain injury.

^{^a}

Authors divided participants into ‘low’ (BRCS 0–13), ‘medium’ (BRCS 14‐16) and ‘high’ (BRCS 17+) resilient groups, with no inclusion of the total mean resilience scores.

^{^b}

Reference for a large study not provided.

^{^c}

SD for resilience scores not reported.