| Immunocompetence and multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter downregulation |
|
|
|
| Immunocompetence |
|
9 |
[20,38,43–45,49,50,53,55] |
| MDR transporter downregulation |
|
2 |
[41,42] |
| Increased morbidity |
|
10 |
[20,38,41–45,49,50,53] |
| Increased Transmission |
|
1 |
[38] |
| Susceptibility to pests |
|
|
|
| Parasites |
Varroa Mite |
4 |
[41,49,53,54] |
| Fungi |
Nosema
|
2 |
[42,50] |
| |
Chalkbrood (Ascosphaera apis) |
1 |
[49] |
| |
General |
1 |
[38] |
| Bacteria |
American foulbrood (Paenibacillus larvae) |
9 |
[23,36,40,41,47–49,51,52] |
|
European foulbrood (Melissococcus plutonius) |
2 |
[23,49] |
|
Other |
1 |
[55] |
| Viruses |
|
3 |
[38,45,53] |
| Hive Products |
|
|
|
|
Brazilian Red Propolis |
3 |
[20,49,51] |
|
Other/General |
1 |
[49] |
