Table 2.
Healthcare resource utilization of inpatients with COVID-19 during index hospitalization and 30-day follow-up.
| Healthcare resource utilization | Total |
Time of discharge |
P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 481 216 | Early period: Apr-Jun (n = 95 636) | Middle period: Jul-Nov (n = 173 543) | Later period: Dec-Feb (n = 212 037) | ||
| During index hospitalization | |||||
| Point of origin, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Nonhealthcare facility (eg, home) | 384 585 (79.9) | 75 077 (78.5) | 139 491 (80.4) | 170 017 (80.2) | |
| Clinic | 27 022 (5.6) | 5436 (5.7) | 9083 (5.2) | 12 503 (5.9) | |
| Transfer from an acute care facility | 48 595 (10.1) | 8759 (9.2) | 18 637 (10.7) | 21 199 (10.0) | |
| Transfer from SNF/ICF/RF/LTCF | 17 252 (3.6) | 5835 (6.1) | 4910 (2.8) | 6507 (3.1) | |
| Other | 3762 (0.8) | 529 (0.6) | 1422 (0.8) | 1811 (0.9) | |
| Admitted through the ED, n (%) | 454 871 (94.5) | 90 409 (94.5) | 163 561 (94.2) | 200 901 (94.7) | <.001 |
| Discharge status, n (%) | <.001 | ||||
| Expired | 66 706 (13.9) | 16 975 (17.7) | 20 625 (11.9) | 29 106 (13.7) | |
| Home | 213 227 (44.3) | 38 786 (40.6) | 83 134 (47.9) | 91 307 (43.1) | |
| Home health | 55 871 (11.6) | 8686 (9.1) | 18 789 (10.8) | 28 396 (13.4) | |
| Transfer to SNF/ICF/RF/LTCF | 72 765 (15.1) | 16 846 (17.6) | 23 148 (13.3) | 32 771 (15.5) | |
| Transfer to another acute care facility | 1674 (0.3) | 388 (0.4) | 696 (0.4) | 696 (0.4) | |
| Hospice | 15 106 (3.1) | 3040 (3.2) | 5147 (3.0) | 6919 (3.3) | |
| Other | 55 867 (11.6) | 10 915 (11.4) | 22 004 (12.7) | 22 948 (10.8) | |
| In-hospital mortality during index hospitalization, n (%) | 66 706 (13.9) | 16 975 (17.7) | 20 625 (11.9) | 29 106 (13.7) | <.001 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 108 120 (22.5) | 23 986 (25.1) | 40 469 (23.3) | 43 665 (20.6) | <.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilator use, n (%) | 61 432 (12.8) | 17 149 (17.9) | 19 551 (11.3) | 24 732 (11.7) | <.001 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation use, n (%) | 983 (0.2) | 242 (0.3) | 395 (0.2) | 346 (0.2) | <.001 |
| Total length of hospital stay, days | <.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.5 (10.5) | 9.3 (11.1) | 8.1 (11.2) | 8.4 (9.6) | |
| Median (q1, q3) | 5.0 (3.0, 10.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 12.0) | 5.0 (3.0, 10.0) | 5.0 (3.0, 10.0) | |
| Length of ICU stay, days | <.001 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.9 (10.0) | 9.4 (9.7) | 8.7 (10.5) | 8.7 (9.7) | |
| Median (q1, q3) | 5.0 (2.0, 12.0) | 6.0 (3.0, 13.0) | 5.0 (2.0, 11.0) | 5.0 (2.0, 12.0) | |
| During 30 days after index hospitalization∗ | |||||
| COVID-19–related ED outpatient visit within 30 days, n (%) | 11 152 (2.7) | 2100 (2.7) | 4451 (2.9) | 4601 (2.5) | <.001 |
| COVID-19–related non-ED outpatient visit within 30 days, n (%) | 6707 (1.6) | 1193 (1.5) | 2833 (1.9) | 2681 (1.5) | <.001 |
| COVID-19–related readmission within 30 days, n (%) | 22 017 (5.3) | 3782 (4.8) | 9021 (5.9) | 9214 (5.0) | <.001 |
| COVID-19–related readmission with ICU within 30 days, n (%) | 5377 (1.3) | 878 (1.1) | 2424 (1.6) | 2075 (1.1) | <.001 |
| Mortality during COVID-19–related readmission within 30 days (excluding death during index visit), n (%) | 3708 (0.9) | 558 (0.7) | 1479 (1.0) | 1671 (0.9) | <.001 |
| Mortality during any COVID-19–related hospital visit within 30 days (excluding death during index visit), n (%) | 4042 (1.0) | 625 (0.8) | 1593 (1.0) | 1824 (1.0) | <.001 |
Apr indicates April; Dec, December; ED, emergency department; Feb, February; ICF, intermediate care facility; ICU, intensive care unit; Jun, June; LTCF, long-term care facility; Nov, November; q, quartile; RF, rehabilitation facility; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
∗
Proportions are calculated only among patients who were discharged alive at index hospitalization.