Table 1.

Various concepts of the “smart hospital”

Category	Content
Frost & Sullivan [9] (2017)	A medical institution that provides medical practices to minimize excessive expenditures of users and prevent medical accidents in advance by using an integrated solution based on information and communication.
Karen Taylor [10] (2017)	A medical institution that optimizes the ICT environment and establishes an automated process with the aim of improving treatment procedures for existing patients and introducing new functions.
European Union Agency for Network and Information Security [11] (2016)	A hospital that improves the patient treatment process based on IoT, optimizes asset management by establishing an ICT environment connected to the hospital’s internal assets, and utilizes a business automation process.
Korea Embedded Software and System Industry Association [12] (2018)	A medical institution that has built an integrated management system for safe patient care and efficient hospital management by using ICT for various resources owned by the hospital, such as medical personnel, facilities, information, and equipment.
Seoul Asan Hospital Innovation Design Center [2] (2020)	A next-generation hospital that exceeds the limits of existing hospitals in terms of quality of care, patient safety, patient experience, and productivity by using technologies related to the fourth industrial revolution.
Ministry of Health and Welfare [13] (2020)	A hospital that provides medical services by applying ICT such as 5G and IoT to improve medical services such as enhancing patient safety, improving diagnosis and treatment quality, and reducing costs.

ICT: information and communication technology, IoT: Internet of Things.