Table 3.

Telehealth-related research trends

Study	Hospital	ICU mortality change	Average LOS change	Study type (design)	Outcome variable
Rosenfeld et al. [68] (2000)	A 10-bed surgical ICU in at Johns Hopkins Medical Institution	Severity-adjusted mortality rate in the ICU decreased by 46% - Hospital by 30%	ICU length of stay decreased by 30%	Observational time series triple cohort study	Surgical ICU in a 450-bed, academic-affiliated hospital
Zawada et al. [69] (2009)	Conducted in Avera Health System (one large tertiary hospital, three rural hospitals, two community hospitals and 9 critical care centers)	Adjusted mortality rate ranged between unchanged and 29% reduction	LOS reduction ranged from 22.5% to 45% (9 sites)	Observational time series cohort study	506-bed tertiary referral hospital for the Avera Health System, 3 rural regional hospitals with 10, 6, and 10 ICU beds, respectively, 2 community hospitals (100 total beds), and 9 critical access hospitals (25 beds)
Morrison et al. [70] (2010)	Two community hospitals in the metropolitan Chicago area	No significant effect on ICU or non-ICU/ total mortality	No effect on LOS	Before-and-after trial	Two adult ICUs in a 650-bed tertiary care teaching hospital
Lilly et al. [71] (2011)	University of Massachusetts	2.1% decrease	1.9 days decrease	Prospective stepped-wedge clinical practice study	7 ICUs (3 medical, 3 surgical, and 1 mixed cardiovascular) on 2 campuses of an 834-bed academic medical center
Young et al. [72] (2011)	Review	Odds ratio for pooled data was 0.80, showing a reduction	1.26 days decrease

ICU: intensive care unit, LOS: length of stay.