Table 2.
Candidates for biomarkers to identify COVID-19 severity.
| Biomarkers | Responses of each markers in COVID-19 | References |
|---|---|---|
| CD15+CD16+CD11blow | Increased | (91) |
| PD-L1 | Increased | (91) |
| VDAC1 | Increased | (92) |
| LOX-1 | Increased | (16) |
| Hexokinase II+ | Increased | (17) |
| T cell and NK cell ratio | Increased | (15, 88) |
| HLA-DRhiCD11chi | Increased | (95) |
| IFN-1 | Decreased | (96) |
| HLA-DRlow | Increased | (98) |
| Calprotectin (S100A8/9) | Increased | (98) |
| CD10lowCD101CXCR4+/- | Increased | (95, 96) |
| TGF-β | Increased | (88) |
| C-reactive protein, ferritin, and lactate dehydrogenase level | Increased | (102) |
| Arg-1 and IL-6 level | Increased | (104) |
| VDAC and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I | Increased | (17) |
| MDW | Increased | (105) |
| CXCL8 and IL-10 level | Increased | (108, 109) |
| IFN-λ3, IP-10, CXCL9, and CCL17 level | Increased | (110, 121) |
| HIF1α | Increased | (111) |
| MR-proADM | Increased | (113) |
| LDH, D-dimer | Increased | (122, 123) |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | Increased | (124) |
| Neutrophil-to-platelet ratio | Increased | (114) |
| Uric acid level | Increased | (115) |
| Total antioxidant capacity | Decreased | (116) |
| Eosinophil/PMN ratio | Decreased | (117) |
| High-density lipoprotein | Decreased | (118) |
| Apoprotein A1 | Decreased | (119) |