Table 3.
Oral Toxicity Criteria for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb.
| Heavy Metal | Cancer |
Non-Cancer |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion | Value | Unit | Tumor Type | Reference | Criterion | Value | Unit | Most Sensitive Target Organ/ System | Reference | |
| As, inorganic | EPA IRIS OSF | 1.50E+00 | (mg/kg/day)−1 | Splenic sarcoma | [38] | EPA IRIS RfD | 3.00E-04 | mg/kg/day | Cardiovasculara, Dermalb | [38] |
| Cd | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | EPA IRIS RfD | 1.00E-03 | mg/kg/day | Urinaryc | [44] |
| Hg, inorganic | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | EFSA TDI | 5.70E-04 | mg/kg/day | Kidneyd | [45] |
| Pb | Cal/ OEHHA OSF | 8.50E-03 | (mg/kg/day)−1 | Kidney tumors | [46] | Cal/OEHHA MADL | 5.00E-04 | mg/day | Reproductive | [47] |
Key: EPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; IRIS = Integrated Risk Information System; OSF = Oral Slope Factor; RfD = Reference Dose; EFSA = European Food Safety Authority; TDI = Tolerable Daily Intake, calculated by dividing the Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) by 7 days/week; Cal/OEHHA = California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment; MADL = Maximum Allowable Dose Level.
a
Possible vascular complications.
b
Hyperpigmentation and keratosis.
c
Significant proteinuria.
d
Kidney weight change.