Table 1.
Demographic and clinical variables associated with AKI over hospitalization.
| No AKI (n = 327) | AKI (n = 271) | OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age, years | 2·2 (0·9) | 2·1 (0·9) | 0·89 (0·75, 1·06) | 0·2063 | ||
| Female, n (%) | 143 (43·7) | 118 (43·5) | 0·99 (0·72, 1·37) | 0·9631 | ||
| Weight-for-age z score | −1·1 (1·1) | −1·0 (1·1) | 1·05 (0·90, 1·23) | 0·5091 | ||
| Height-for-age z score | −1·2 (1·3) | −1·0 (1·3) | 1·12 (0·99, 1·27) | 0·0677 | ||
| Weight-for-height z score | −0·6 (1·1) | −0·7 (1·2) | 0·95 (0·82, 1·09) | 0·4398 | ||
| Duration of fever, days | 4·0 (2·7) | 3·1 (1·7) | 0·82 (0·76, 0·90) | <0·0001 | 0·85 (0·78, 0·92) | 0·0001* |
| Sickle cell anemia, n (%) | ||||||
| HbAA | 311 (95·1) | 260 (95·9) | Reference | — | ||
| HbAS | 6 (1·8) | 7 (2·6) | 1·40 (0·46, 4·20) | 0·5537 | ||
| HbSS | 10 (3·1) | 4 (1·5) | 0·48 (0·15, 1·54) | 0·2173 | ||
| Jinja site, n (%) | 114 (34·9) | 154 (56·8) | 2·46 (1·77, 3·42) | <0·0001 | 2·43 (1·74, 3·39) | <0·0001* |
| Medication History | ||||||
| Anti-malarial, n (%) | 198 (62·1) | 166 (61·7) | 0·98 (0·71, 1·38) | 0·9289 | ||
| Artesunate, n (%) | 53 (16·6) | 38 (14·1) | 0·83 (0·53, 1·30) | 0·4064 | ||
| Antibiotic, n (%) | 100 (31·4) | 103 (38·3) | 1·36 (0·97, 1·91) | 0·0781 | ||
| Gentamicin, n (%) | 13 (4·1) | 11 (4·1) | 1·00 (0·44, 2·28) | 0·9932 | ||
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 33 (10·1) | 19 (7·0) | 0·67 (0·37, 1·21) | 0·1855 | ||
| Herbal medication use, n (%) | 7 (2·1) | 20 (7·4) | 3·64 (1·52, 8·75) | 0·0038 | 3·10 (1·27, 7·59) | 0·0132* |
| Admission characteristics | ||||||
| Temperature, °C | 37·7 (1·2) | 37·8 (1·3) | 1·04 (0·91, 1·19) | 0·5420 | ||
| Tachycardia | 175 (53·5) | 165 (60·9) | 1·35 (0·98, 1·87) | 0·0704 | ||
| Tachypnea | 220 (67·3) | 207 (76·4) | 1·57 (1·09, 2·26) | 0·0145 | 1·56 (1·07, 2·27) | 0·0201 |
| Shock, n (%) | 18 (5·6) | 31 (11·7) | 2·24 (1·23, 4·11) | 0·0088 | 2·38 (1·28, 4·43) | 0·0061* |
| Coma, n (%) | 29 (8·9) | 44 (16·2) | 1·99 (1·20, 3·27) | 0·0071 | 1·90 (1·14, 3·16) | 0·0143* |
| Multiple seizures, n (%) | 143 (43·7) | 108 (39·9) | 0·85 (0·61, 1·18) | 0·3389 | ||
| Retinopathy, n (%) | ||||||
| No | 236 (72·2) | 141 (52·0) | Reference | — | ||
| Yes | 24 (7·3) | 38 (14·0) | 2·65 (1·53, 4·60) | 0·0005 | 3·26 (1·84, 5·77) | <0·0001* |
| Not assessed | 67 (20·5) | 92 (34·0) | 2·30 (1·58, 3·35) | <0·0001 | 1·79 (1·20, 2·66) | 0·0040* |
| Respiratory distress, n (%) | 56 (17·1) | 119 (43·9) | 3·79 (2·60, 5·51) | <0·0001 | 3·34 (2·27, 4·92) | <0·0001* |
| Prostration, n (%) | 207 (63·3) | 222 (81·9) | 2·63 (1·79, 3·85) | <0·0001 | 2·48 (1·68, 3·67) | <0·0001* |
| Jaundice, n (%) | 58 (17·7) | 79 (29·3) | 1·92 (1·30, 2·82) | 0·0009 | 2·04 (1·36, 3·07) | 0·0006* |
| Blackwater fever, n (%) | 56 (17·2) | 85 (31·5) | 2·21 (1·50, 3·25) | 0·0001 | 2·06 (1·37, 3·09) | 0·0005* |
| Severe anemia, n (%) | 132 (40·5) | 112 (41·6) | 1·05 (0·76, 1·46) | 0·7775 | ||
| Vomiting, n (%) | 153 (46·8) | 162 (59·8) | 1·69 (1·22, 2·34) | 0·0016 | 1·61 (1·15, 2·24) | 0·0053* |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 57 (17·4) | 58 (21·4) | 1·29 (0·86, 1·94) | 0·2207 | ||
| Comorbid diagnoses | ||||||
| Gastroenteritis, n (%) | 43 (13·2) | 45 (16·6) | 1·31 (0·83, 2·05) | 0·2484 | ||
| Pneumonia, n (%) | 19 (5·9) | 25 (9·2) | 1·64 (0·88, 3·04) | 0·1192 |
Data presented as mean (SD) or n (%).
Adjusted odds ratio (aOR) calculated using logistic regression adjusting for participant age, sex, and site.
Adjusted estimates significant following adjustment for 13 multiple comparisons are indicated with an *.