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. 2022 Feb 3;8:784170. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.784170

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Graphical representation of why reference values are important in clinical practice. Values <2nd or >98th percentiles correspond to Z−scores of < -2 or > 2, respectively, and they may imply the presence of a specific pathology or disease that should be ruled out because that value is outside the normal values, present in the 96% of the study population.