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. 2022 Feb 3;12:773539. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773539

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Copyright © 2022 So, Park, Jang, Lim, Imdad and Kang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) during PM exposure and AICAR treatment in A549 cells. (A) A549 cells were treated with oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A to measure the effect of mitochondrial stress on OCR, upon PM exposure and AICAR treatment at 24 h incubation. The mitochondrial stress test was used to measure the bioenergetic parameters, (B) basal respiration, (C) maximal respiration, (D) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Values are the means ± SEM. *P < 0.05 vs. CON, ^***P < 0.001 vs. CON, ^###P < 0.001 vs. PM, ^&⁣&P < 0.01 vs. PM+AICAR.