Table 1.

Ultraviolet doses reported in previous studies

Study: author, year	Details	UV dose
Serrano et al. 2010 [65]	Cycling training camp, Valencia, Spain Dosimeters on helmet	Mean 2-day personal UV exposure of 32.24 ± 4.14 SEDa in summer; 11.30 ± 5.36 SED in winter
Serrano et al. 2011 [66]	Mixed sports clubs, Valencia, Spain: mountaineers, tennis players, runners Dosimeters, various sites	Mean personal UV exposure of 9.48 ± 3.23 SED daily for mountaineers 10.65 ± 1.57 SED for 2 days of training for tennis players 7.62 ± 4.28 SED for 5 days of training for runners
Serrano et al. 2013 [67]	Child skiers, Huesca, Spain Dosimeters on shoulders	Median daily SED of 2.1 (range 4.9–0.71), equal to approx. 35% of the 24 h ambient UV radiation on the horizontal plane
Serrano et al. 2014 [68]	Hikers, tennis players, runners; Valencia, Spain Dosimeters, various sites	Median personal UV exposure was 8.1 SED per day for hikers; 7.5 SED per day of training for tennis players; about 2 SED per competition day for runners
Moehrle et al. 2000 [60]	Professional cyclists, Tour de Suisse, Switzerland Dosimeters on back of jersey	Mean daily personal exposure of 8.1 MEDb
Moehrle 2000 [69]	Ironman triathlon (N = 3), Hawaii, USA Dosimeters on back	Mean personal UV exposure of 8.3 MED for the whole competition (approx. 8–9 h)
Rigel et al. 2003 [63]	Professional ski instructors, Vail, Colorado, USA Digital dosimeters	Mean daily mean UVB exposure was 62.08 mJ/cm2 (range 12–185 mJ/cm2) (0.5–7.6 times MED for type II skin) Mean daily UVA exposure was 10.6 (range 0.5–28 J/cm2) (0.55 of minimum melanogenic dose)
Downs et al. 2009 [62]	Golfers, Queensland Australia during summer and winter months. 2 recreational golfers vs 2 office workers, assuming one 9-hole game/week; 2–2.5 h Calibrated polysulfone dosimeter	Estimated annual exposure: SED of 817 and 839 for forearm and upper back, respectively
Downs et al. 2020 [64]	Olympic mixed sports, dose calculation for athletes due to compete in Tokyo 2020	Events lasting 2 h or more had personal erythematic exposures in excess of 200 J/m2
Gurrea Ysasi et al. 2014 [70]	Golfers, winter (January), Valencia, Spain Dosimeters: 1 on hat, 1 on wrist	Mean daily UVER exposure: head 2.07 ± 0.80 SED, wrist 1.62 ± 0.77 SED. Mean exposure per hour was 0.44 SED for head and 0.34 SED for wrist

Exposure limit 0.3 MED per 8 h [61]

SED standard erythema dose, MED minimal erythema dose, UVER ultraviolet erythematic radiation

^aStandard erythema dose (SED) is used as a standardised measure of erythemogenic UV radiation. 1 SED is equivalent to an erythemal effective radiant exposure of 100 J/m²

^bOne MED corresponds to 250 J/m² at 298 nm, enough to induce erythema in non-tanned Caucasian skin (phototype II) [60]. The term MED has been used widely as a 'measure' of erythemal radiation. MED is the lowest erythemal effective radiant exposure that produces the first perceptible unambiguous erythema