Table 1:
Participant demographic and health characteristics with comparisons among racial and ethnic identity subgroups
| Mean (SD) or number (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total Sample (N=79) |
White (N=39) |
Black/ African American/ Black Canadian (N=28) |
Other or unknown racial identity (N=12) |
Ethnicity: Hispanic/ Latinx (N=6) |
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 48.6 (9.4) | 47.0 (9.2) | 53.0 (7.9)** | 46.8 (8.6) | 49.5 (7.1) |
| Education | |||||
| Less than HS degree | 8 (10.1%) | 4 (10.3%) | 2 (7.1%) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (16.7%) |
| HS degree | 20 (25.3%) | 10 (25.6%) | 9 (32.1%) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) |
| Some College | 25 (31.6%) | 14 (35.9%) | 8 (28.6%) | 4 (33.3) | 4 (66.7%) |
| College Degree or more | 23 (29.1%) | 11 (28.2%) | 9 (10.7%) | 4 (33.3) | 0 (0%) |
| Annual incomea | |||||
| Less than $10,000 | 26 (32.9%) | 11 (28.2%) | 14 (50%) | 4 (33.3%) | 3 (50%) |
| $10,000 to $20,000 | 39 (49.4%) | 20 (51.3%) | 12 (42.9%) | 7 (58.3%) | 3 (50%) |
| $20,000 to $40,000 | 10 (12.7%) | 7 (17.9%) | 2 (7.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) |
| $40,000 to $60,000 | 1 (1.3%) | 1 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| HIV-related and general health characteristics | |||||
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | |||||
| < 200 | 4 (9.5%) | 2 (9.1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) |
| 200-799 | 25 (59.5%) | 15 (68.2%) | 9 (64.3%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) |
| ≥ 800 | 13 (31%) | 5 (22.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 4 (50%) | 2 (100%) |
| Viral Load (mean plasma HIV RNA: copies/ml) | 14,230.9 (55,259.27) | 11,914.7 (39,034.7) | 3,644.5 (13,543.7) | 42,479.8 (111,692.4) | 60,666.7 (105,077.7) |
| Viral Load (self-reported) | |||||
| Undetectable | 45 (81.8%) | 22 (78.6%) | 18 (85.7%) | 6 (85.7%) | 4 (80%) |
| Detectable | 10 (18.2%) | 6 (21.4%) | 3 (14.3%) | 1 (14.3%) | 1 (20%) |
| Perceived Physical Health (0-100 VAS) | 63.3 (20.6) | 60.2 (21.0) | 70.3 (18.1)* | 64.4 (12.1) | 64.2 (10.2) |
| Functional Disability Score (WHO DAS 2.0) | 8.7 (8.9) | 9.9 (8.3) | 7.6 (9.9) | 3.4 (2.6)*** | 7.2 (4.2) |
| Trauma history and mental health characteristics | |||||
| Current PTSD diagnosis | 41 (51.9%) | 25 (64.1%) | 17 (60.7%) | 5 (41.7%) | 2 (33.3%) |
| Multiple (2 or more) PTSD Criterion A traumas endorsed | 52 (65.9) | 23 (59) | 23 (82.1)* | 8 (66.7) | 5 (83.4) |
| Index trauma type | |||||
| Sexual assault or rape | 21 (26.6) | 7 (17.9)* | 10 (35.7) | 4 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) |
| Physical violence | 16 (20.3) | 7 (17.9) | 9 (32.1) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (16.7) |
| Discrimination/Stigma | 12 (15.2) | 10 (25.6) | 1 (3.6) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (33.3) |
| Witnessed or heard about violence or death | 7 (8.9) | 3 (7.7) | 2 (7.1) | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0) |
| Other | 23 (29.1) | 12 (30.7) | 6 (21.4) | 3 (25) | 2 (33.3) |
| PTSD symptom score (DTS) | 46.1 (26.6) | 53.1 (24.5)* | 39.8 (28.8) | 37.0 (23.5) | 42.2 (22.8) |
| Sexual abuse before age 13 | 31 (41.9%) | 20 (51.3%) | 10 (37%) | 2 (16.7%) | 4 (66.7%) |
| Adolescent sexual abuse | 22 (29.7%) | 11 (28.2%) | 9 (33.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (33.3%) |
| Childhood or adolescent sexual abuse | 40 (50.6%) | 23 (59%) | 14 (50%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (66.7%) |
| Physical abuse before age 17 | 45 (60.8%) | 27 (69.2%) | 12 (44.4%)* | 6 (50%) | 4 (66.7%) |
| Intimate Partner Violence | 50 (67.6%) | 30 (76.9%) | 15 (55.6%) | 6 (50%) | 5 (80%) |
| Sexual assault during adulthood | 34 (45.9%) | 18 (46.2%) | 12 (44.4%) | 4 (33.3%) | 1 (16.7%) |
| Lifetime MDD diagnosis | 33 (41.8%) | 20 (51.3%) | 10 (35.7%) | 3 (25%) | 1 (20%) |
| Depression Symptom Score (CES-D) | 27.5 (11.4) | 30.9 (10.5)** | 24.8 (11.5) | 20.9 (11.2)* | 24.8 (10.8) |
| Current Alcohol Use Disorder | 20 (25.3%) | 10 (25.6%) | 8 (28.6%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (66.7%)* |
| Other current substance use disorder | 27 (34.2%) | 16 (41%) | 9 (32.1%) | 3 (25%) | 4 (66.7%) |
PTSD = Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; DTS = Davidson Trauma Scale frequency + severity total score (0-XX; higher score indicates greater impairment); CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (0-XX; higher score indicates greater severity of depression symptoms); WHO DAS = World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0; VAS = Visual analog scale
Income was reported in either US or Canadian dollars as per the location of each participant.
p-values denote results of t-tests and χ2 analyses comparing each racial or ethnic subgroup against all other participants.
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
p < 0.001
Percentages denote percent of valid values (excluding missing data).