Table 1.
The demographic, clinical and imaging characteristics of healthy participants and patients.
| Characteristics | Healthy participants (n = 51) | Patients (n = 80) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 38 ± 11.5 | 58 ± 10.1 | <0.001* |
| Male gender (%) | 16/51 (31) | 55/80 (69) | <0.001* |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 2.6 | 25.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001* |
| Coronary risk factors | |||
| Hypertension (%) | - | 55/80 (69) | |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | - | 73/80 (91) | |
| Diabetes (%) | - | 19/80 (24) | |
| Smoking (%) | - | 42/80 (53) | |
| Family history of CAD (%) | 4/51 (8) | 16/80 (20) | 0.059 |
| Symptoms | |||
| Typical angina (%) | - | 38/80 (48) | |
| Atypical angina (%) | - | 35/80 (44) | |
| Non-cardiac chest pain (%) | - | 7/80 (9) | |
| Distribution of coronary artery | |||
| Right dominance (%) | 49/51 (96) | 77/80 (96) | |
| Left dominance (%) | 1/51 (2) | 2/80 (3) | |
| Balanced (%) | 1/51 (2) | 1/80 (1) | |
| Stenosis extent (diameter stenosis, %) | |||
| <50 (%) | - | 121/198 (61) | |
| 50–90 (%) | - | 36/198 (18) | |
| ≥90 (%) | - | 41/198 (21) | |
| Vessels with ischemic lesion | - | 67/198 (34) | |
| Left anterior descending artery (%) | - | 33/198 (17) | |
| Left circumflex coronary artery (%) | - | 15/198 (8) | |
| Right coronary artery (%) | - | 19/198 (10) | |
| Serum markers | |||
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.14 (3.45–4.86) | 3.39 (2.99–4.25) | 0.006* |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.30 | 1.11 ± 0.25 | <0.001* |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.24 (1.80–2.99) | 1.86 (1.53–2.61) | 0.119 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.86 (0.59–1.24) | 1.31 (0.90–1.78) | <0.001* |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.83 (4.58–5.06) | 5.13 (4.61–5.58) | 0.034* |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 63 (55–77) | 68 (57–77) | 0.254 |
| Hemodynamic changes in CT-MPI scan protocol | |||
| Rest heart rate (beats/min) | 77 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 | 0.234 |
| Stress heart rate (beats/min) | 100 (89–109) | 91 (78–103) | 0.007* |
| Δ Heart rate (beats/min) | 29 (20–32) | 23 (17–29) | 0.003* |
| Rest SBP (mmHg) | 120 ± 13 | 136 ± 14 | <0.001* |
| Rest DBP (mmHg) | 73 ± 8 | 81 ± 10 | <0.001* |
| Hyperemic MBF (ml/100 ml/min) | 164 ± 24 | 123 ± 26 | <0.001* |
Measurement data are means ± standard deviations, or medians, with interquartile ranges in parentheses. Categorial data are numbers of patients or vessels, with percentages in parentheses. CAD, coronary artery disease; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; Δ Heart rate, Stress heart rate -Rest heart rate; CCTA, coronary computed tomography angiography; CT-MPI, computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; MBF, myocardial blood flow.
P-values < 0.05 refers to results of Student's t-tests for normal distribution data, Mann-Whitney U-tests for non-normal distribution data, and Chi-square test for Categorial data.