Table 1.
Overall demographic characteristics of the sample at baseline and percentage of the sample with depression at baseline according to demographic characteristics.
| Overall | Depression |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | ||
| Overall | – | 80% | 20% |
| Gender | |||
| Women | 55% | 77% | 23% |
| Men | 45% | 83% | 17% |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 85% | 81% | 19% |
| Black | 10% | 71% | 29% |
| Other | 5% | 70% | 30% |
| Education | |||
| None | 16% | 65% | 35% |
| High School | 53% | 79% | 21% |
| College | 20% | 87% | 13% |
| Postgraduate | 11% | 90% | 10% |
| Age | |||
| 50–59 | 35% | 78% | 22% |
| 60–69 | 33% | 83% | 17% |
| 70–79 | 19% | 79% | 21% |
| ≥80 | 13% | 75% | 25% |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 62% | 85% | 15% |
| Unmarried | 38% | 71% | 29% |
| Employment status | |||
| Employed | 40% | 87% | 13% |
| Not working | 13% | 61% | 39% |
| Retired | 47% | 78% | 22% |
| Household income | |||
| <$19,000 | 21% | 63% | 37% |
| $19,000-$39,999 | 23% | 76% | 24% |
| $40,000-$79,999 | 28% | 84% | 16% |
| ≥$80,000 | 28% | 90% | 10% |
| Neighborhood safety | |||
| Excellent/good | 91% | 81% | 19% |
| Fair/poor | 9% | 60% | 40% |
| Social network | |||
| Less diverse | 47% | 73% | 27% |
| More diverse | 53% | 85% | 15% |
| Difficulty with ADLs | |||
| None | 84% | 85% | 15% |
| One or more | 16% | 50% | 50% |
| Difficulty with IADLs | |||
| None | 86% | 85% | 15% |
| One or more | 14% | 47% | 53% |
| Chronic health conditions | |||
| None | 14% | 88% | 12% |
| One or more | 86% | 78% | 22% |
| Cognition (quartiles) | |||
| 1 | 22% | 69% | 31% |
| 2 | 33% | 78% | 22% |
| 3 | 23% | 84% | 16% |
| 4 | 22% | 86% | 14% |
Note. N = 14,255. As only 50% of the HRS sample completed the LBQ at each wave, baseline descriptive statistics were combined across 2008 and 2010, with wave dependent on the subsample that participants were in. Results weighted and based on 20 multiply imputed data sets. A cut-off of three or more on the CES-D was used to indicate depression. The Other race/ethnicity category included people who identified as American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and Other ethnicities.