Table 2.
Characteristics of patients with COVID-19-related critical illness who survived the ICU stay or not (Study Population 2).
| ALL | Survivor | Non-survivor | p-value | Available | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 57 | n = 39 | n = 18 | data | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Age (years), median [P25; P75] | 63.0 [59.0; 70.0] | 62.0 [56.0; 69.0] | 65.5 [63.0; 71.0] | 0.089 | 57 |
| Male, n (%) | 46 (80.7) | 32 (82.1) | 14 (77.8) | 0.728 | 57 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 0.913 | 51 | |||
| Former | 24 (47.1) | 17 (48.6) | 7 (43.8) | ||
| Non-smoker | 22 (43.1) | 15 (42.9) | 7 (43.8) | ||
| Current | 5 (9.80) | 3 (8.57) | 2 (12.5) | ||
| Alcoholism, n (%) | 4 (7.41) | 3 (8.11) | 1 (5.88) | 0.809 | 54 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 34 (59.6) | 24 (61.5) | 10 (55.6) | 0.891 | 57 |
| Type II Diabetes Mellitus, n (%) | 22 (38.6) | 18 (46.2) | 4 (22.2) | 0.152 | 57 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 33 (57.9) | 22 (56.4) | 11 (61.1) | 0.964 | 57 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 10 (17.5) | 7 (17.9) | 3 (16.7) | 1.000 | 57 |
| COPD, n (%) | 5 (8.77) | 2 (5.13) | 3 (16.7) | 0.312 | 57 |
| Asthma, n (%) | 3 (5.26) | 3 (7.69) | 0 (0.00) | 0.544 | 57 |
| Chronic kidney disease (60 mL/min/1.73 m2), n (%) | 2 (3.51) | 2 (5.13) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 | 57 |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 3 (5.26) | 2 (5.13) | 1 (5.56) | 1.000 | 57 |
| Autoimmune disease, n (%) | 1 (1.75) | 1 (2.56) | 0 (0.00) | 1.000 | 57 |
| ICU admission | |||||
| Time since first symptoms to hospital admission (days), median [P25; P75] | 7.00 [4.00; 8.00] | 5.00 [4.00; 8.00] | 7.00 [5.25; 11.0] | 0.094 | 57 |
| Time since first symptoms to ICU admission (days), median [P25; P75] | 8.00 [6.00; 10.0] | 7.00 [5.00; 9.50] | 10.0 [7.00; 12.8] | 0.062 | 57 |
| Time since hospital admission to ICU admission (days), median [P25; P75] | 1.00 [0.00; 3.00] | 0.00 [0.00; 3.00] | 1.00 [0.00; 2.75] | 0.862 | 57 |
| Oxygen saturation (%), median [P25; P75] | 94.0 [89.8; 95.9] | 93.8 [88.0; 95.5] | 94.9 [91.2; 96.8] | 0.160 | 56 |
| FiO2 (%), median [P25; P75] | 70.0 [50.0; 90.0] | 60.0 [50.0; 90.0] | 70.0 [60.0; 89.5] | 0.278 | 56 |
| PaO2 (mmHg), median [P25; P75] | 69.0 [52.5; 83.8] | 63.0 [49.0; 72.8] | 79.0 [67.2; 86.2] | 0.087 | 42 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg), median [P25; P75] | 37.0 [32.0; 41.0] | 38.0 [33.0; 44.8] | 32.5 [29.8; 36.2] | 0.100 | 42 |
| PaO2/FiO2, median [P25; P75] | 108 [78.3; 156] | 94.0 [78.3; 151] | 116 [81.6; 155] | 0.738 | 42 |
| SaO2/FiO2, median [P25; P75] | 139 [105; 172] | 147 [106; 189] | 132 [103; 156] | 0.301 | 56 |
| Glucose (mg/dL), median [P25; P75] | 160 [121; 228] | 190 [124; 246] | 126 [114; 166] | 0.025 | 57 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median [P25; P75] | 0.84 [0.69; 1.13] | 0.84 [0.70; 1.03] | 0.84 [0.68; 1.13] | 0.952 | 57 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), median [P25; P75] | 152 [66.0; 197] | 152 [74.3; 194] | 152 [56.0; 215] | 0.888 | 56 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL), median [P25; P75] | 393 [285; 728] | 394 [287; 1081] | 367 [285; 437] | 0.265 | 48 |
| Leukocyte count (× 109/L), median [P25; P75] | 7.67 [6.37; 10.2] | 7.33 [6.28; 8.54] | 8.72 [6.51; 11.9] | 0.127 | 57 |
| Neutrophil count (× 109/L), median [P25; P75] | 6.43 [5.00; 8.45] | 6.30 [5.14; 7.53] | 7.10 [5.06; 9.18] | 0.363 | 57 |
| Lymphocyte count (× 109/L), median [P25; P75] | 0.65 [0.51; 1.02] | 0.64 [0.52; 1.00] | 0.70 [0.51; 1.10] | 0.600 | 57 |
| Monocyte count (× 109/L), median [P25; P75] | 0.32 [0.20; 0.47] | 0.29 [0.19; 0.38] | 0.41 [0.21; 0.51] | 0.135 | 57 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L), mean (SD) | 216 (67.7) | 217 (55.0) | 214 (91.3) | 0.886 | 57 |
| AST (U/L), median [P25; P75] | 60.0 [38.0; 89.0] | 60.0 [38.0; 85.0] | 60.0 [39.8; 92.2] | 0.879 | 39 |
| ALT (U/L), median [P25; P75] | 37.0 [27.0; 59.0] | 44.0 [26.0; 61.5] | 36.0 [28.8; 47.0] | 0.648 | 39 |
| Urea (mg/dL), median [P25; P75] | 51.0 [40.0; 62.0] | 50.0 [33.0; 61.5] | 59.5 [46.8; 66.8] | 0.116 | 57 |
| APACHE-II score, median [P25; P75] | 16.0 [13.0; 20.0] | 15.5 [12.2; 20.0] | 16.5 [15.0; 19.8] | 0.342 | 56 |
| ICU Stay | |||||
| ICU stay (days), median [P25; P75] | 32.0 [16.0; 48.0] | 32.0 [16.0; 51.0] | 31.5 [21.5; 46.8] | 0.857 | 57 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation duration (days), median [P25; P75] | 27.0 [14.0; 40.0] | 23.0 [12.0; 41.0] | 30.0 [23.8; 39.8] | 0.327 | 57 |
| Prone positioning, n (%) | 50 (87.7) | 33 (84.6) | 17 (94.4) | 0.413 | 57 |
| Prone positioning duration (hours), median [P25; P75] | 64.0 [33.5; 136] | 44.0 [27.8; 102] | 135 [94.5; 232] | 0.005 | 47 |
| Antibiotics, n (%) | 54 (94.7) | 38 (97.4) | 16 (88.9) | 0.232 | 57 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, n (%) | 8 (14.0) | 5 (12.8) | 3 (16.7) | 0.698 | 57 |
| Tocilizumab, n (%) | 44 (77.2) | 32 (82.1) | 12 (66.7) | 0.308 | 57 |
| Corticoids, n (%) | 55 (98.2) | 38 (100) | 17 (94.4) | 0.321 | 56 |
| Initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation | |||||
| Time since first symptoms to IMV (days), median [P25; P75] | 10.0 [7.00; 13.0] | 8.00 [6.50; 11.0] | 13.0 [10.0; 15.8] | 0.006 | 57 |
| Time since hospital admission to IMV (days), median [P25; P75] | 2.00 [0.00; 6.00] | 2.00 [0.00; 5.50] | 3.00 [1.00; 7.00] | 0.222 | 57 |
| Time since ICU admission to IMV (days), median [P25; P75] | 1.00 [0.00; 3.00] | 1.00 [0.00; 2.00] | 1.50 [0.00; 4.00] | 0.122 | 57 |
| Oxygen saturation (%), median [P25; P75] | 95.1 [92.0; 98.0] | 95.0 [90.8; 97.0] | 97.0 [94.7; 99.0] | 0.144 | 55 |
| FiO2 (%), median [P25; P75] | 70.0 [50.0; 90.0] | 60.0 [50.0; 83.8] | 70.0 [50.0; 100] | 0.420 | 55 |
| PaO2 (mmHg), median [P25; P75] | 95.0 [70.0; 115] | 90.0 [63.0; 110] | 103 [82.0; 116] | 0.220 | 40 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg), mean (SD) | 45.7 (12.1) | 46.1 (12.1) | 44.7 (12.5) | 0.730 | 40 |
| PaO2/FiO2, mean (SD) | 204 (92.3) | 221 (97.0) | 178 (84.2) | 0.310 | 20 |
| SaO2/FiO2, mean (SD) | 173 (51.5) | 182 (51.0) | 160 (52.9) | 0.377 | 20 |
| Glucose (mg/dL), median [P25; P75] | 146 [114; 211] | 160 [122; 233] | 126 [110; 164] | 0.096 | 56 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL), median [P25; P75] | 0.78 [0.65; 1.00] | 0.78 [0.67; 0.99] | 0.77 [0.65; 1.07] | 0.880 | 56 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), median [P25; P75] | 136 [19.9; 210] | 147 [24.1; 197] | 67.7 [17.7; 234] | 0.985 | 55 |
| D-dimer (ng/mL), median [P25; P75] | 754 [296; 2172] | 858 [298; 2153] | 619 [364; 2010] | 0.883 | 41 |
| Leukocyte count (x109/L), median [P25; P75] | 8.19 [6.29; 11.6] | 7.67 [6.27; 10.8] | 9.83 [7.84; 13.1] | 0.119 | 56 |
| Neutrophil count (x109/L), median [P25; P75] | 7.30 [5.34; 9.93] | 6.41 [5.32; 9.38] | 8.07 [5.86; 9.93] | 0.301 | 56 |
| Lymphocyte count (× 109/L), median [P25; P75] | 0.70 [0.58; 0.99] | 0.68 [0.52; 0.95] | 0.78 [0.64; 1.09] | 0.203 | 56 |
| Monocyte count (× 109/L), median [P25; P75] | 0.31 [0.18; 0.48] | 0.29 [0.18; 0.38] | 0.38 [0.18; 0.54] | 0.190 | 56 |
| Platelet count (× 109/L), mean (SD) | 230 (67.2) | 231 (57.0) | 227 (88.4) | 0.874 | 56 |
| AST (U/L), median [P25; P75] | 60.0 [37.8; 87.0] | 53.5 [36.8; 79.0] | 77.0 [43.8; 91.2] | 0.240 | 36 |
| ALT (U/L), median [P25; P75] | 38.5 [27.5; 55.5] | 32.5 [23.8; 55.5] | 43.5 [36.5; 57.0] | 0.127 | 36 |
| Urea (mg/dL), median [P25; P75] | 49.5 [36.0; 64.5] | 50.0 [34.5; 63.0] | 49.0 [38.0; 66.0] | 0.656 | 56 |
Continuous variables are expressed as the median [P25; P75] or mean (SD) and categorical variables are expressed as n (%). ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; ICU, intensive care unit; IMV, invasive mechanical ventilation; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; PaCO2, carbon dioxide partial pressure; PaO2, oxygen partial pressure; SaO2, oxygen saturation.