Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria.

PICOs	Description
Populationa	• CKD of stage 3, 4, 5 (predialysis, dialysis, or CKM) • ≥18 years of age • Any treatment type (peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or CKM) • Must be identified as having CKD prior to enrollment in study
Outcome	• Any analgesic use (quantified) • Opioid use • NSAID use • Acetaminophen use • Adjuvant use
Study Design	• Cross-sectional studies • Observational studies • Case-control studies • Cross-over trials • Clinical trials • Chart reviews
Exclusion Criteria	• <18 years of age • Case series, abstracts, posters, reviews, opinions • Acute kidney injury • Kidney transplant, unless clearly identified as having CKD (stage 3-5 or eGFR lower than 60) • Data (initial assessment) prior to 2000 • Population limited to a specific cause of ESKD or selected based on specific symptom/comorbidity (with the exception of chronic pain) • Acute pain or pain related to dialysis treatment • Missing raw data, numerator, or denominator • Palliative study populations

Note. CKD = chronic kidney disease; CKM = conservative kidney management; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD = end stage kidney disease; PICOs = population, outcome, study design, and exclusion criteria.