Table 1.
Characteristics of Aquatic High Intensity Interval training.
| Author | Type of water training | Characteristics of AHIIT intervention |
Pool (Type & temperature) | Depth (immersion level) | Description of AHIIT (work-rest ratio) | High intensity measurement | Adverse events recorded | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Times per week | Number of weeks | Time for each session (min) | |||||||
| L. S. Andrade et al., 2020a | Water based exercise program (stationary running, frontal kick and cross-country skiing) | 2 | 12 | 44 | Pool of a sports club linked to university of water temp 30 °C −32 °C, | Between xiphoid process and shoulder | 2min-2min | RPE 17.3–18.9 corresponds to 80–89% VO2 peak | Nil |
| L. S. Andrade et al., 2020b | Water based exercise program (stationary running, frontal kick and cross-country skiing) | 2 | 12 | 44 | Pool of a sports club linked to university of water temp 30 °C −32 °C, | Between xiphoid process and shoulder | 2min-2min | RPE 17.3–18.9 corresponds to 80–89% VO2 peak | Nil |
| Bento et al., 2014 | 1. Upper and lower limbs water aerobic exercise 2. Strengthening lower limb muscles using aquatic resistance devices |
3 | 12 | 60 | Indoor swimming pool of water temp 28 °C −30 °C | Xyphoid process | 1.40s-20s 2.2–3 sets of exercise with 8–12 RM and 2 min rest |
Exercises executed without the feet contacting the bottom of the pool to increase the exercise intensity | NR |
| Broman et al., 2006 | Deep water running with vest | 2 | 8 | 48 | 27 °C | Shoulder level | 10min-2min | >75% maximal HR | Nil |
| Connolly et al., 2016 | All out free style swimming (front crawl) | 3 | 15 | 15–25 | NR | Head out swim | 30s-2min | Mean HR and peak HR are 86 ± 3 and 96 ± 1% HR max in high intensity interval group | Nil |
| Costa et al., 2018 | Water aerobic exercises (9 upper limbs and lower limbs exercises) | 2 | 12 | 45 | Swimming pool of the university | Xiphoid process | NR | BORG 15 | NR |
| Aboarrage Junior et al., 2018 | Jump based aquatic exercise program | 3 | 24 | 30 | Aquatic centre of pool temp 29 °C | Xiphoid process | 30s-30s | All-out intensity, self-selected maximal intensity | Nil |
| Junior et al., 2018 | Aquatic exercises (a) jumping jacks (b) horizontal adduction and abduction of the shoulder; (c) stationary running with knee | NR | NR | 45 | Pool temp 29 °C | Xiphoid process | 30s-1min | 60–89% HRR (Vigorous intensity) | Nil |
| Mohr et al., 2015 | All out free style swimming (front crawl) | 2.9 (0.1) | 15 | 15–25 | NR | Head out swim | 30s-2min | Mean HR and peak HR are 86 ± 3 and 96 ± 1% HR max in high intensity interval training group | Nil |
| Mohr et al., 2014 | High Intensity Sprint swimming | 2.9 (0.5) | 15 | 15–25 | NR | Head out swim | 30s-120s | Mean HR and peak HR are 86 ± 3 and 96 ± 1% HR max in high intensity interval training group | Nil |
| Moreira et al., 2014 | Strength and power exercise and aquatic cardiorespiratory training | 3 | 24 | 50–60 | Covered swimming pool, with water temp 30-31 °C | Water depths 1.1–1.3 m | 1. Two sets of 30s each 2. Three sets of 20 s each, 3. Four sets of 15 s each, 4. 5 sets of 10s each |
1. 60% HR max in 16 min of session 5–9, 2. 70% HR max in 13 min of session in weeks 10–14, 3. 80% HR max in 9 min session in weeks 15–19, 4. 90% HR max in 7 min session in weeks 20–24, |
Nil |
| Moreira et al., 2013 | Strength and power exercise and aquatic cardiorespiratory training | 3 | 24 | 50–60 | Covered swimming pool, with water temp 30-31 °C | Water depths 1.1–1.3 m | 1. Two sets of 30s each 2. Three sets of 20 s each, 3. Four sets of 15 s each, 4. 5 sets of 10s each |
1. 60% HR max in 16 min of session 5–9, 2. 70% HR max in 13 min of session in weeks 10–14, 3. 80% HR max in 9 min session in weeks 15–19, 4. 90% HR max in 7 min session in weeks 20–24, |
Nil |
| Munukka et al., 2019 | Lower limbs aquatic resistance training | 2.6(0.5) | 16 | 60 | Heated pool, 30-32 °C | NR | 2 sets × 30 reps to 3 sets x 30–45 reps, with rest period 30–45s | -Average Intensity of each session RPE 15 (12–17), HRmax 144 (12) bpm -Intensity of training set at "as hard and fast as possible |
-Two medical consultations (bilateral knee pain and dyspnoea) after training |
| Munukka et al., 2016 | Lower limbs aquatic resistance training | 2.6(0.5) | 16 | 60 | Heated pool, 30-32 °C | NR | 2 sets × 30 reps to 3 sets x 30–45 reps, with rest period 30–45s | -Average Intensity of each session RPE 15 (12–17), Max HR144 (12) bpm -Intensity of training set at "as hard and fast as possible |
-Two medical consultations (bilateral knee pain and dyspnoea) after training |
| Nordsborg et al., 2015 | All out free style swimming (front crawl) | 3 | 15 | 15–25 | NR | Head out swim | 30s-2min | Mean HR and peak HR are 86 ± 3 and 96 ± 1% HR max in high intensity interval training group | Nil |
| Ryzkova et al., 2018 | Aqua-fitness program: HIIT program | 2 | 10 | 50 | Pool at the university of water-temperature of 28 °C | Central chest area up to shoulder | 20s-10s | High intensity training zone >80% HR reserve | NR |
| Samadi et al., 2019 | AHIIT training (20 min, quick movements of body) | 3 | 12 | 30 | NR | NR | 20s-10s | 80–95% HR max | NR |
| Waller et al., 2017 | Lower limbs aquatic resistance training | 2.6 (0.5) | 16 | 60 | Heated pool, 30-32 °C | NR | 2 sets × 30 reps to 3 sets x 30–45 reps, with rest period 30–45 s in between sets | -Average Intensity of each session RPE 15 (12–17), HR max144 (12) bpm -Intensity of training set at "as hard and fast as possible" |
-Two medical consultations (bilateral knee pain and dyspnoea) after training |
BORG, Borg scale of perceived exertion; bpm, beats per minute; HIIT, High Intensity Interval Training; HR, heart rate; HRmax, maximal heart rate; Min, minute; NR, not recorded; temp, temperature; RPE, rate of perceived exertion; reps, repetitions; s, second.