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. 2022 Feb 3;12:808120. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.808120

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Copyright © 2022 Wu, Sun, Zhuang, Hu and Dong

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Role of mitochondria derived peptides in cells and their regulation of related diseases. HN acts by activating formylpeptide-like receptors (FPRL) and heterotrimeranthroinin receptors composed of GP130 ciliated neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) and WSX-1. In addition, HN promotes phosphorylated STAT3 dimer entry into the nucleus to regulate gene transcription and activates the FPRL1/2-ERK1/2 pathway to play a protective role in cell. MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus in a 5’ -adenosine monophosphat-activated protein kinase (AMPK) -dependent manner after metabolic stress. MOTS-c regulates a wide range of genes in response to glucose restriction, including genes with antioxidant response elements (ARE), and interacts with stress response transcription factors that regulate ARE, such as the nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-associated factor 2 (NFE2L2/NRF2), to enhance mitochondrial function and thus maintain cellular homeostasis. SHLPs can enhance insulin sensitivity, promote adipocyte 3T3-L1 differentiation, inhibit the expression of caspase and ROS, and play a cellular protective role.