Table 2.
Summary odds ratios and heterogeneity for an association of EV infection and clinical T1DM in subgroup and sensitivity analyses
| Variables | No. of studies | OR (95% CI) | Weight (%) | I2% | P for heterogeneity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geographical areas | |||||
| Europe | 18 | 5.72 (2.94~11.14) | 70.4 | 83 | <0.001 |
| Non- Europe | 7 | 6.02 (3.02~12.01) | 29.6 | 75 | <0.001 |
| Age distribution (years) | |||||
| 0~9 | 2 | 33.82 (1.87~612.91) | 6.4 | 74 | <0.001 |
| 0~20 | 14 | 4.89 (2.51~9.51) | 52.9 | 83 | <0.001 |
| 0~71 | 11 | 7.53 (3.61~15.72) | 40.7 | 81 | <0.001 |
| The initial time of clinical T1DM | |||||
| Newly clinical T1DM | 18 | 4.76 (2.84~7.98) | 81.9 | 82 | <0.001 |
| Previously clinical T1DM | 4 | 4.91 (2.49~9.67) | 18.1 | 32 | 0.22 |
| Methods of EV detection | |||||
| NT | 5 | 1.58 (0.76~3.30) | 25.1 | 89 | <0.001 |
| RIA | 2 | 3.02 (0.17~54.64) | 8.4 | 91 | <0.001 |
| ISH | 2 | 5.21 (2.31~11.79) | 6.5 | 0 | 0.350 |
| IHC | 5 | 7.29 (1.42~37.58) | 16 | 81 | <0.001 |
| RT-PCR | 13 | 7.48 (4.20~13.32) | 44 | 63 | 0.002 |
| Source of EV sample | |||||
| Serum | 14 | 3.90 (3.24~4.70) | 73.3 | 83 | <0.001 |
| Intestinal Musoca | 3 | 4.36 (2.24~8.49) | 5.2 | 50 | 0.14 |
| Plasma | 5 | 4.49 (3.12~6.46) | 19.1 | 77 | 0.002 |
| PBMC | 2 | 11.42 (4.27~30.58) | 1.5 | 0 | 0.52 |
| Pancretic Tissue | 2 | 27.60 (8.48~89.78) | 0.9 | 0 | 0.67 |
| Type of controls | |||||
| Relatives | 3 | 3.19 (1.65~6.14) | 31.6 | 0 | 0.75 |
| Normal Subjects | 3 | 56.41 (3.54~899.49) | 27.5 | 87 | <0.001 |
| Autoantibody positive individuals | 2 | 1.07 (0.43~2.67) | 21.5 | 40 | 0.20 |
| Autoantibody negative individuals | 2 | 2.29 (0.15~35.84) | 19.4 | 83 | 0.01 |
| Coxsackievirus Serotypes | |||||
| CB1 | 4 | 1.76 (1.18~2.63) | 14.8 | 0 | 0.67 |
| CB2 | 4 | 0.90 (0.50~1.64) | 19 | 25 | 0.26 |
| CB3 | 4 | 0.95 (0.68~1.33) | 18.5 | 0 | 0.51 |
| CB4 | 5 | 2.03 (0.87~4.75) | 20.9 | 60 | 0.04 |
| CB5 | 4 | 0.91 (0.37~2.21) | 17.4 | 43 | 0.15 |
| CB6 | 2 | 0.88 (0.50~1.53) | 9.3 | 0 | 0.87 |
| Sample size | |||||
| <100 | 12 | 5.88 (3.46~9.99) | 57.7 | 83 | <0.001 |
| >100 | 13 | 6.00 (2.21~16.26) | 42.3 | 80 | <0.001 |
| NOS score | |||||
| 9~10 | 6 | 5.89 (2.42~14.38) | 27.4 | 81 | <0.001 |
| 8 | 13 | 5.12 (2.10~12.49) | 50.6 | 85 | <0.001 |
| 6~7 | 6 | 7.93 (3.75~16.78) | 22.0 | 61 | 0.02 |
| Study type | |||||
| CC | 22 | 7.49 (4.20~13.36) | 85.9 | 80 | <0.001 |
| NCC | 3 | 2.16 (0.95~4.92) | 14.1 | 83 | <0.001 |
T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; NT, neutralisation test; RIA, radioimmunoassay; IFA, immunofluorescence assay; IHC, immunohistochemistry; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; CB, group B coxsackievirus; CC, case–control study; NCC, nested case–control study.