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. 2022 Feb 10;119(7):e2113589119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2113589119

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Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).

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Fig. 1. — Sequence alignment of echinoderm SS1-type peptides with protostome ASTC-related peptides and echinoderm SS2-type peptides with chordate SS-type peptides. (A) Alignment of echinoderm SS1-type neuropeptides with protostome ASTC-type peptides. Note that in addition to conserved cysteine residues, there is a conserved FXP motif (in which X is variable) shared by some echinoderm SS1-type peptides, arthropod ASTC-type peptides, and several C. elegans ASTC-type peptides. (B) Alignment of echinoderm SS2-type neuropeptides with chordate SS-type peptides. Note that in addition to conserved cysteine residues, there is a conserved Phe-Trp-Lys/Ile-Trp-Lys (FWK/IWK) motif shared by echinoderm SS2-type peptides and chordate SS-type peptides. The aligned amino acids are highlighted in black if the residue is present in at least 60% of the sequences or highlighted in gray if conservative amino acid substitutions are present in at least 60% of the sequences. The position of a disulphide bridge between the two conserved cysteine residues is shown above the alignments. Species and peptide names are highlighted in taxon-specific colors: yellow (Echinodermata), light green (Arthropoda), dark green (Nematoda), light red (Annelida), dark red (Mollusca), light orange (Brachiopoda), dark orange (Nemertea), pink (Cephalochordata), and blue (Vertebrata). Species name abbreviations are as follows: Ajap (Apostichopus japonicus), Apla (A. planci), Arub (A. rubens), Bflo (B. floridae), Cele (C. elegans), Cgig (Crassostrea gigas), Ctri (Charonia tritonis), Dmel (D. melanogaster), Drer (Danio rerio), Dret (Deroceras reticulatum), Ggal (Gallus gallus), Hsap (Homo sapiens), Hrob (Helobdella robusta), Lame (Lophius americanus), Lana (Lingula anatine), Lgig (Lottia gigantea), Llon, (Lineus longissimus), Locu (Lepisosteus oculatus), Lpol (Limulus polyphemus), Mmus (Mus musculus), Olat (Oryzias latipes), Ovic (Ophionotus victoriae), Pdum (Platynereis dumerilii), Pmax (P. maximus), Spur (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus), and Trub (Takifugu rubripes). The accession numbers or references for sequences of the neuropeptides included in this figure are listed in SI Appendix, Table S1.