Table 1.
Markers of graft rejection in the EV compartment.
| Transplanted organ | Syndrome | Origin of Evs | Biomarkers positively correlated with rejection | Biomarkers negatively correlated with rejection | Ref | Transplanted organ | Syndrome | Origin of Evs | Biomarkers positively correlated with rejection | Biomarkers negatively correlated with rejection | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lung | Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome (BOS) | Isolated from BAL fluids and serum by ultracentrifugation | Collagen-V, Kα1T, miR-92a, miR-182, miR-155, miR-142-5p, olfactory receptors, complement, surfactants, defensins, TLR2, MYD88 | CXCL16, IL-33, EEA-1 | (114–116, 139) | Kidney | Kidney glomerulopathy | exosomes isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation followed by sucrose cushion | Fibronectin, Collagen type IV | (109) | |
| Acute Rejection | Isolated from BAL fluids and serum by ultracentrifugation | miR-182, miR-92a | (114) | Tubular injury | Isolated from 20mL urines by differential centrifugation | sodium-ion transport (26 proteins) | (110) | ||||
| Heart | Acute Cellular Rejection (ACR) | Isolated from plasma by differential centrifugation | KV302, HV304, ITIH1, FRMPD1 | FIBB, FIBG, C1QA, C1R, HV315, APOL1, F13A, FIBA, FINC, TSP1, ACTB | (117) | Cell mediated rejection (CMR) | Isolated from 20mL or 500µL urines by differential centrifugation | Actin filament based process (47 proteins) Epithelial cell idfferenciation (21 proteins) Cytoskeleton organization (63 proteins) HPX, TSPAN, LGALS3BP |
(110, 112) | ||
| Antibody Mediated Rejection (ABMR) | Isolated from plasma by differential centrifugation | KV302, HV304 | FIBB, FIBG, C1QA, C1R, HV315, ITIH1, APOL1, F13A, FIBA, FINC, TSP1, ACTB | (117) | AntiBody Mediated Rejection (ABMR) | isolated from 200µL plasma with exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma Midi Kit | GP130, CAV1, DARC, SH2D1B, CCL4, TNFα, | IL-10, IL-23α | (138) | ||
| Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy | Isolated from BAL fluids and serum by ultracentrifugation | Myo, Vim | (140) | AntiBody Mediated Rejection (ABMR) | Isolated from 50mL pool of urines by differential centrifugation | Protein transport (97 proteins) Protein localization (103 proteins) Acute inflammatory response (18 proteins) Proteine maturation by peptide bond cleveage (15 proteins0 APOA1, PIGR, TTR, AZGP1, HPX and CP) |
(110, 111) | ||||
| Islets | Acute rejection | Isolated from plasma using Invitrogen Total Exosome Isolation Kit from serum | Hemopexin, C3, 39 miRNAs | HSC70, angiopoietin-1 | (117, 118) | Acute rejection | Isolated from 10mL urines by differential centrifugation | A2M, APOA2, APOM, CD5L, CLCA1, FGA, FGB, IGHM, DEFA5, PROS1 and KIAA0753 | (113) |
Different studies have linked graft rejection with differential expression of various proteins and miRNA. This table synthetize the markers found in the literature separated by transplanted organ, isolation method, mode of rejection and the compartment where the EV were harvested from. To note, an important part of these markers has been found in the animal model and all of them have not been assessed in human yet.