Table 1.
Summary of articles estimating ψ using a trait-based approach
| Article | Experimental subject | Focal trait type (exact traits) | Partner trait type (exact traits) | No. of ψ estimates | ψ rangea and SDb | Other variablec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bleakley and Brodie (2009) | Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) | Behavior (time in proximity, time oriented, time agitated, time schooling, inspection) | Behavior (proximity time, time oriented, time agitated, time schooling, inspection) | 65 | −1.14 to 0.93 (0.388) | Lines |
| Bailey and Zuk (2012) | Field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) | Behavior and morphology (mounting latency and mass) | Behavior (song/no song) | 12 | −0.627 to 0.402 (0.32) | Population, generation |
| Bleakley et al. (2013) | Isopod (Thermosphaeroma thermophilum) | Behavior (latency to cannibalize) | Morphology (relative body size) | 1 | −0.048 | None |
| Saltz (2013) | Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) | Behavior (lunge number) | Behavior (aggression) | 1 | 0.101 | Lines |
| Bailey and Hoskins (2014) | Fruit fly (D. melanogaster) | Behavior (tapping behavior) | Behavior and survival (chill coma, MSB and paraquat survival, startle response, starvation resistance, orienting, following, tapping, licking, singing, mounting, general activity) | 12 | −0.696 to 1.299 (0.521) | None |
| Han et al. (2016) | Water strider (Gerris lacustris) | Behavior (same sex behavior) | Behavior and morphology (same sex behavior and body size) | 2 | −0.130 to 0.001 (0.093) | None |
| Pascoal et al. (2016) | Cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus) | Chemical (cuticular hydrocarbon) | Behavior (song/no song) | 6 | −0.45 to 0.39 (0.335) | None |
| Anderson et al. (2017) | Fruit fly (D. melanogaster) | Behavior (aggregation) | Behavior (aggregation) | 1 | 0.042 | None |
| Edenbrow et al. (2017) | Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) | Behavior (distance and time) | Behavior (distance, time, and coordination) | 80 | −0.3 to 2.0 (0.550) | Population, sex, predation |
| Marie-Orleach et al. (2017) | Flatworm (Macrostomum lignano) | Morphology (body size, testis size, ovary size, seminal vesicle size) | Morphology (body size, testis size, ovary size, seminal vesicle size) | 16 | −0.070 to 0.323 (0.114) | Lines |
| Signor et al. (2017a) | Fruit fly (D. melanogaster and simulans) | Behavior (movement rate) | Behavior (movement rate) | 28 | 0.04 to 0.960 (0.236) | Species, line, ethanol |
| Signor et al. (2017b) | Fruit fly (D. melanogaster) | Behavior (movement rate) | Behavior (movement rate) | 12 | 0.16 to 0.54 (0.110) | Line, ethanol |
| Culumber et al. (2018) | Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) | Behavior and morphology (feeding, length, mass, and condition) | Morphology (color) | 4 | 0.035 to 0.960 (0.438) | Lines |
| Kraft et al. (2018) | Mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) | Behavior (hiding and principal components) | Morphology (color) | 6 | −0.375 to 0.20 (0.221) | Lines |
| Rebar et al. (2020) | Burying beetle (Nicrophorus vespilloides) | Morphology (body mass) | Morphology (body mass) | 4 | −0.430 to 0.722 (0.293) | Lines |
aSee main text for explanation of absolute values exceeding 1.00.
bStandard deviation of all ψ estimates within each study; not indicated for studies presenting only one estimate.
cSome studies assessed variation in ψ across different contexts (e.g., ecological) or for different genotypes (e.g., across laboratory lines or strains: G × G epistasis or a G × G IGE).