. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021 Jul 26;63(5):544–552. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13491

Table 4.

Cardiometabolic, stress and inflammatory biomarkers across study subgroups

	1. None	2. OSA	3. ADHD	4. ADHD+OSA	1 vs. 2	1 vs. 3	1 vs. 4	2 vs. 4	3 vs. 4

DXA scan	(n = 197)	(n = 102)	(n = 49)	(n = 43)
Gynoid/whole body ratio (%)	18.0 ± 0.02	18.0 ± .02	18.0 ± 0.03	17.0 ± 0.03	.639	.358	.170	.325	.669
Android/whole body ratio (%)	6.0 ± 0.01	7.0 ± 0.01	6.0 ± 0.02	7.0 ± 0.02	.001^*	.484	.001^*	.426	.001^*
Subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm²)	210.9 ± 10.1	241.1 ± 14.1	174.1 ± 19.7	269.7 ± 21.2	.030^*	.212	.005^*	.253	.001^*
Visceral adipose tissue (cm²)	55.2 ± 2.8	69.9 ± 3.9	48.7 ± 5.4	69.5 ± 5.8	.003^*	.283	.029^*	.958	.009^*
Metabolic Syndrome	(n = 182)	(n = 107)	(n = 50)	(n = 42)
cMetS (z-score)	−0.4 ± 0.2	0.7 ± 0.3	−0.6 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.5	.006^*	.620	.021^*	.792	.021^*
HPA axis	(n = 203)	(n = 115)	(n = 54)	(n = 44)
Evening cortisol (μg/dl)	7.9 ± 0.5	9.1 ± 0.7	8.0 ± 1.3	7.2 ± 1.1	.198	.942	.589	.154	.612
Morning cortisol (μg/dl)	20.8 ± 0.6	19.7 ± 0.9	18.9 ± 1.2	18.1 ± 1.4	.326	.186	.078	.310	.638
Inflammation	(n = 182)	(n = 106)	(n = 51)	(n = 42)
CRP (mg/L)	0.7 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	0.6 ± 0.2	1.4 ± 0.2	.001^*	.574	.001^*	.476	.001^*
IL-6 (pg/ml)	1.1 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.2	.049^*	.914	.678	.306	.788
TNF-α (pg/ml)	1.9 ± 0.1	2.1 ± 0.1	1.6 ± 0.2	2.0 ± 0.2	.327	.130	.845	.609	.189
Adiponectin (μg/ml)	7.9 ± 0.4	7.6 ± 0.5	8.8 ± 0.7	6.9 ± 0.8	.592	.257	.242	.449	.064
Leptin (ng/ml)	11.7 ± 0.8	13.7 ± 1.1	9.0 ± 1.6	17.4 ± 1.7	.165	.127	.003^*	.062	<.001^*

Data are mean ± SEM adjusted for covariates. p-values are post-hoc comparisons from multivariable-adjusted linear models. cMetS, continuous metabolic syndrome standardized score; CRP, C-reactive protein; DXA scan, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan; HPA, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

p < .05.