Table 1.
Characteristics of the 124 publications included in the scoping review
| Characteristic of the publication | Number (percentage) |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | |
| 1990-1999 | 27 (22%) |
| 2000-2009 | 46 (37%) |
| 2010-2021 | 51 (41%) |
| Continents and countriesa | |
| Asia | 45 (36.3%) |
| China (16), Saudi Arabia (12), Egypt, India, Nepal and United Arab Emirates (2) and otherb nine countries (1) | |
| North America | 39 (31.5%) |
| United States of America (27) and Canada (12) | |
| Europe | 22 (17.7%) |
| Turkey (5), Germany and United Kingdom (4), Spain (3), France (2) and otherc four countries (1) | |
| Africa | 7 (5.6%) |
| South Africa (4), Botswana, Ghana and Uganda (1) | |
| Oceania | 6 (4.8%) |
| Australia (5) and New Zealand (1) | |
| South America | 5 (4.0%) |
| México (2), Argentina, Chile and Trinidad & Tobago (1) | |
| Study population | |
| Students | 94 (75.8%) |
| Students and tutors | 16 (12.9%) |
| Tutors | 6 (4.8%) |
| Not specified | 8 (6.5%) |
| Study design | |
| Survey or questionnaire | 45 (36.3%) |
| Comparative non-randomized study | 32 (25.8%) |
| Descriptive experience | 21 (16.9%) |
| Comparative and randomized study | 16 (12.9%) |
| Expert opinion, editorial or comment | 5 (4.0%) |
| Systematic review and meta-analysis | 4 (3.2%) |
| Narrative review | 1 (0.8%) |
| Comparator | |
| Without comparison | 66 (53.2%) |
| With traditional or lecture-based learning | 56 (45.2%) |
| With simulation | 2 (1.6%) |
| Main Outcomed | |
| Performance | 56 (45.2%) |
| Student satisfaction | 36 (29.0%) |
| Knowledge retention | 15 (12.1%) |
| Not specified | 8 (6.5%) |
| Tutor satisfaction | 6 (4.8%) |
| Other | 3 (2.4%) |
aThe number of publications of each country appears in parentheses.
bIncluding: Bahrain, Iran, South Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Vietnam.
cIncluding: Belgium, Georgia, Netherlands and Sweden.
dForty-eight studies included secondary outcomes: including student satisfaction (24), tutor satisfaction (9), knowledge retention (5), social and/or communication skills (5), reasoning (1) and other outcomes (4)